| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Central nervous system | the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, protected by bone, encased by skull and vertebrate bones |
| Peripheral nervous system | the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord, outside of the bone, holding sensory connections, motor connections, sensory and motor connections to internal body organs |
| Franz Joseph Gall | neuroanatomist, physiologist and pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain |
| Phrenology | a now abandoned study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths of different faculties |
| Jean-Pierre Flourens | birth of neuroscience, experimental scientists, experiemental animal research, ablation and lesion technique; came to the wrong conclusion: no localization of function |
| PET | positron emission topography, using a computerized radiographic technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues (especially in the brain) |
| fMRI | functional magnetic resonance imaging, , a form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain that registers blood flow to functioning areas of the brain |
| Occipital lobe | vision |
| Temporal lobe | hearing, audition, learning, memory, emotion |
| Parietal lobe | somatic senation, recieving and processing, skin, muscle and joint feeling |
| Frontal lobe | planning action, motor movements, preparing motor movements |
| Central sulcus | divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe |
| Pre-central gyrus | critical for voluntary motor movements |
| Post-central gyrus | sense of touch |
| Primary motor cortex | frontal lobe |
| Primary sensory cortex | Temporal, parietal, occipital (POT) lobe |
| Primary somatosensory cortex | Parietal lobe |
| Primary visual cortex | occipital lobe |
| Primary auditory cortex | temporal lobe |
| Corpus Callosum | "huge body" connects the left and right hemispheres |
| Limbic Cortex | location is above the corpus callosum |
| Hippocampus | memory and learning |
| Basal Ganglia | motor control |
| Thalamus & hypothalamus (dicephilon) | regulates body functions in response to sensory input |
| midbrain | under dicencephilon |
| pons | relays information to higher parts of brain |
| cerebrum | motor coordination |
| medulla oblongata | basic life functions |
| spinal cord | cervical, throaic, lumbar, sacral regions |
| blood vessels | a tissue comprising individual vascular cells arrnaged side by side to form long hollow tubes |
| meninges | 3 laers of connective tissue that protect and cushion the CNS (brain and spinal cord) |
| meningitis | infection of the meninges |
| ventricular system | fluid filled cavity within the CNS |
| Choroid plexus | puts them in viens and lets plasma come through |
| hydrocephalus | flow of CSG with brain becomes blocked, fluid builds up inside ventricles, ventricles expand, so either the brain expands or brian becomes compressed within the skull |
| Glia | provide support and structure to brain tissue, buffer and regulate contents of extracelluar fluid |
| Oligodendrocytes, schwann | myelinate axons |
| microglia | act as phagocytic scavengers |
| astrocyctes | during development, guide neuron migration and neurite outgrowth, provide a chemical signal to teh vascular cells of the brian that keept them non-fenestrated so they can help maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier |
| Neuron | functional units of the nervous system; special to recieve and send signals |
| dendrites | recieve inputs from other neurons at synapses |
| axons | send signals towards other neurons or muscle cells; often myelinated by oligrodendrocytes or schwan cells |
| axon terminals | delivers signals to other neurons or muscle cells at synapses |
| cytoplasm | intracelluar fluid |
| mitochondria | ATP production |
| Neurofilaments | supports neuron architecture and shape |
| Microtubules | axonplasmic transport |
| RER | studded with ribosomes |
| Golgi Apparatus | wraps packages of new proteins into vesicles and cisterns for transport to toehr parts of cells |
| Plasma Membrane | lipid bilayer: the outer wall of each neuron |
| synaptic vesicles | containing chemical neurostransmitter molecules |
| Presynaptic vesicles | part of axon terminal, "the sending side" |
| Synaptic cleft | space where chemical transmitters are released |
| postsynaptic membrane | part of dendrite or soma; the recieving side; contains neurotransmitter receptors |
| Neuron Plasma membrane | a lipid bilayer that separates intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid |
| Initiate Ion Channels | Neurostransmitter, change in membrane potential |
| Depolarized membrane | Promotes neuron excitation and activation |
| Hyperpolarized membrane | Promotes neuron inhibition |
| Voltage-gated ion channel | concerntrated in the axon hillock, axon, and axon terminal, open the membrane when the depolarization reaches threhold of activation |
| Threshold Activation | definied as the point at which voltaged-gated ion channels in the axon hillock open |
| Neural Processing | integration of all depolarizing and hyperpolarizing events at the axon hillock |
| Myelin | fatty insulating covering for axons that is formed by oligodendrocytes (CNS) or by Schwann cells (PNS) |
| Nodes of Ranvier | naked spots along the myelinated axon that lack myelin cover, where voltage-gated ion channels are clustered |
| saltatory conductance | the action potential depolarizing "spike" jumps from node to node |
| two lateral ventricles | within cortex |
| third ventricle | thalamus, hypothalamus |
| cerebral aqueduct | midbrain - tectum, tegmentum |
| fourth ventricle | pons, medulla |
| central canal | spinal cord |
| forebrain | cortex (four lobes), limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus, septum, limbic cortex) , basal ganglia (striatum, globus pallidus) , thalamus, hypothalamus |
| midbrain | tectum (superior and inferior colliculi), tegmentum (substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area), cerebral aqueduct |
| hindbrain | pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata |
| blood flow from heart | arteries to capillaries (oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange) to veins to lungs (to re-oxygenate blood) back to heart (repeat) |
Combine with other sets
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