| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Scientific research | provides us with empirical evidence as a baisis for knowledge or theories. |
| Empirical evidence | we mean data or evidence that can be confirmed by the use of one or more of the human senses. |
| Hypotheses | statements of relationships between two or more variables |
| Variables | factors that can have two or more values |
| Scientific method | a swet of procedures intended to ensure accuracy and honesty throughout the research process. |
| Theory | an explaination of some phenomenon. |
| Reliablility | the degreee to which the research yields the same reults when repeated by the same researcher or other researchers. |
| Validity | the degree to which the study measures exactly what it claims to be measuring. |
| Quantitative analysis | a process in which data can be analyzed using numerical categories and statistical techniques (for example, determining the percentage of respondents who report certain attitudes or behaviors.) |
| Qualitative analysis | focuses on specific or stinct qualities within the data that show patterns of similarity or difference among the research subjects. |
| Surveys | the process of finding out data about people by asking asking them. |
| interview | usually involves one person, the interviewer recording the answers. |
| questionnaire | usually porvies autonomy to the person answering the questions. |
| Hawthorne effect | When peopple are aware that they rae being observed, they frequently modify their behavior, either deliberately or subconsciousy. |
| Case study | a detailed, in-depth examination of a single unit. |
| Ethnography | reasearch technique for desctibing a social group from the group's point of view. |
| Ideologies | systems of beliefs, that have kep |
| Perpsective | a broad explanation of social reality from a particular point of view. |
| theory model | a minitheory; a set of propositions intended to account for a limited set of facts. |
| Structural functionalism | view society as an organized and stable system, analogous to the human system--this is made op of a variety of interrelated parts or structures. |
| Manifest functions | intended overt |
| Latent functions | the hidden princible obtained |
| Functional | performing a positive service by helping to maintain the system 8n a balanced state or promoting the achievement of group goals. |
| Dysfunctional | describing a noun as destruptive to the system's balance. |
| Insrumental traits | encourage self0confidence, rationality, competition, and coolness--qualities that facilitate male success in the world of work. |
| Expressive traits | encourage nurturance, emotioality, sensitivity, and warmth--qualities tat help women succeed in caring for a husband, children, and a home. |
| Conflict theory | focusess on social structures and institutions in soceity. |
| Symbolic interaction | focuses on micropatterns of face-to-face interaction amoung peoplle in specific settings, such as within marriages an families. |
| Symblols | Ojects, words, sounds, and events that arae given meaning by members of culture--and construct eality as they go about the business of their daily lives. |
| social constuction of reality | the process whereby people assignmeanings to socal phenomena--objects, events, and characteristics--that almost always cause those who drawupon these meaning to emphasize some aspect of a phenomenon and to ignore others. |
| Social constructionalism | an extension of symbolic interaction theory, in which the analysis is framed entirely in terms of a conceptualization of the social construction of reality. |
| Social exchange theory | this theory adopts an evonomic model of human behavior based on costs, benefits, and the expectation of reciprocity; for this reason it is sometimes refferedto as the rational-choice perspective. |
| Developmental family life cycle theory | pays close attention to chnges in families over time and attempts to explain famil life in terms of process that unfolds over the life course of families. |
| Conflict theory | focusess on social structures and institutions in soceity. |
| Symbolic interaction | focuses on micropatterns of face-to-face interaction amoung peoplle in specific settings, such as within marriages an families. |
| Symblols | Ojects, words, sounds, and events that arae given meaning by members of culture--and construct eality as they go about the business of their daily lives. |
| social constuction of reality | the process whereby people assignmeanings to socal phenomena--objects, events, and characteristics--that almost always cause those who drawupon these meaning to emphasize some aspect of a phenomenon and to ignore others. |
| Social constructionalism | an extension of symbolic interaction theory, in which the analysis is framed entirely in terms of a conceptualization of the social construction of reality. |
| Social exchange theory | this theory adopts an evonomic model of human behavior based on costs, benefits, and the expectation of reciprocity; for this reason it is sometimes refferedto as the rational-choice perspective. |
| Developmental family life cycle theory | pays close attention to chnges in families over time and attempts to explain famil life in terms of process that unfolds over the life course of families. |
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