| Term | Definition |
|---|
| glucose | A sugar molecule made by producers during photosynthesis and "burned" by all organisms during respiration to make energy. |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups |
| chloroplast | An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide to water. It consists of an inner and outer membrane, a thylakoid and thylakoid membrane, and stroma. |
| chlorophyll | plant pigment that absorbs visible light in the 650-700 nanometer range and gives plants their green color |
| mitochondria | Double membrane bound organelles where ATP is generated in the Kreb's cycle and the electron transport system. |
| glycolysis | Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and the end product pyruvate |
| electron transport | a type of system whereby electrons are passed along a series of carrier molecules, releasing energy for the synthesis of ATP |
| ATP synthase | Complex formed of enzymes and their carrier proteins; functions in the production of ATP in chloroplasts and mitochondria |
| pyruvate | End product of glycosis; its further fate, involving fermentation or entry into a mitochondrion, depends on oxygen availability |
| acetyl CoA | Molecule made up of a 2-carbon acetyl group attached to a coenzyme A. During cellular respiration, the acetyl group enters the citric acid cycle for further breakdown |
| chemiosmosis | Ability of certain membranes to use a hydrogen ion gradient to drive ATP formation |
| cellular respiration equation | C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP (glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy) |
| fermentation | Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and end products such as alcohol and lactate |
| FADH2 | produced in the Krebs cycle, it is a reduced form of FAD, it is an electron carrier capable of creating 2 ATP from releasing its electrons to the electron transport chain |
| NADH | The reduced form of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). This is the most common electron carrier in cellular respiration. |
| Calvin cycle | Portion of photosynthesis that takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and can occur in the dark; it uses the products of the light reactions to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate |
| light reaction | Portion of photosynthesis that captures solar energy and takes place in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; it produces ATP and NADPH. |
| C3 photosynthesis | The standard form of photosynthesis that fixes carbon dioxide via the Calvin cycle; the first stable product of this photosynthesis is a 3-carbon compound |
| C4 photosynthesis | An alternate form of photosynthesis using PEP carboxylase to fix CO2 into a 4 carbon compound |
| photosynthesis equation | 6CO2 + 6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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