Ch. 24 New Imperialism
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56 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Imperialism | Domination by one country of the political, encomic, or cultural life of another country or region |
| Social Darwinism | Westerners embraced the ideas of this by applying ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies |
| Protectorate | Local rulers left in place but were expected to ollow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity Cost less to run than a colony did and did not require a large commitment of military forces |
| Sphere of Influence | An area where an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges |
| Indirect Rule | British relied on this system to govern their colonies with sultans, chiefs, or local rulers |
| Direct Rule | French practiced this by sending officials and soldiers from France to administer their colonies |
| Usman dan Fodio | Scholar and preacher who denounced the corruption of local Hausa rulers, called for social and religious reforms based on the sharia |
| Shaka | Ruthless and brilliant leader who waged relentless war and conquered many nearby people, conquests set off mass migrations and wars that created choas across the region |
| Boers | Descendents of Dutch farmers who were migrating north from the Cape Colony, many resented British laws that abolished slavery and interfered with their way of life |
| Great Trek | Boer families joined this to escape British rule |
| Paternalistic | View of Africans that made Westerners see them as children in need of guidance Thought African cultures and religions were ddegraded |
| Dr. David Livingstone | Best-known explorerer and missionary who opposed slave trade, more sympathy and less bias than most Europeans |
| Henry Stanley | Journalist who trekked into Central Africa to find Livingstone, who had not been heard from for years |
| King Leopold II | Hired Stanley to explore the Congo River basin and arrange trade treaties with African leaders, activities in Congo set off scramble by other nations |
| Berlin Conference | European powers met at this where they recognized Leopold's claims to the Congo Free State but called for free trade on the Congo and Niger rivers, agreed that European power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had set up a government office there No Africans were invited |
| Boer War | Discovery of gold and diamonds in the lands led to conflict with Britain that involved bitter guerrilla fighting British won in the end at a great cost |
| Samori Toure | Fought French forces in West Africa where he was building his own empire |
| Yaa Asantewaa | Queen who led the fight against British in the last Asante war |
| Nehanda | Military leader of Shona in Zimbabwe who was captured and executed Memory of her achievements inspired later generations to fight for freedom |
| Menelik II | Reforming ruler began to modernize his country, hired European experts to plan modern roads and bridges and set up a Western school system Smashed Italian invaders |
| Elite | Upper class western educated African emerged |
| Muhammad Ahamd | Announced that he was the Mahdi, Mahdi and followers firecely resisted British expansion into the region |
| Mahdi | Long awaited savior of the faith |
| Wahhabi | Reform movement in Arabia that rejected schools of theology and law that had emerged in the Ottoman empire, wanted to recapture the purity and simplicity of Muhammad's original teachings |
| Pashas | Provincial rulers |
| Sultans | Rulers of the Ottoman Turkish empire They rejected reform and tried to rebuild the autocratic power enjoyed by earlier rulers |
| Young Turks | Group of liberals formed a movement that insisted that reform was the only way to save the empire, overthrew sultan |
| Genocide | Deliberate attempt to destroy a racial, political, or cultural group |
| Muhammad Ali | Called the "father of modern Egypt" Ambitious soldier appointed governor of Egypt by the Ottomans, used the opportunity created by Napoleon's invasion and civil war that followed to seize power in 1805 Increased Egyptian participation in world trade, brought Western military experts to help build a well-trained, modern army |
| Concessions | Special rights given to foreign powers Russia and Britain persuaded Persian government to grant this |
| East India Company | Main goal in India was to make money and leading officials often grew rich, worked to improve roads, preserve peace, and reduce banditry |
| Sati | Hindu custom practiced mainly by the upper class that called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself in his funeral fire |
| Sepoys | Indian soldiers in its service, to serve anywhere, either in India or overseas |
| Sepoy Rebellion | Swept across India that left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both sides Brought major changes in British policy |
| Viceroy | Governed in the name of the queen and British officials help the top positions in the civil service and army |
| British Raj | Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India called this |
| Deforestation | Cutting trees by clearing new farmlands |
| Ram Mohun Roy | Combined both Hindu or Muslim and Western model cultures Great scholar who felt that India could learn from the West, founded Hindu College in Calcutta, wanted to reform traditional Indian culture Hailed today as the founder of Indian nationalism |
| Purdah | Isolation of women in separate quarters |
| Indian National Congress | Nationalist leaders organized this that became known as the Congress party Members believed in peaceful protest to gain their ends, called for great democracy which they thought it would bring more power to Indians |
| Balance of Trade | Difference between how much a country imports and how much it exports |
| Trade Surplus | Export more than it imported |
| Trade Deficit | Buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them |
| Opium War | Chinese warships clashed with British merchants that triggered this Chinese government outlawed opium and executed Chinese drug dealers, called Britain to stop trade but they refused insisting on the right of free trade |
| Indemnity | Payment for losses in war |
| Extraterritoriality | Right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts |
| Unequal Treaties | Forced China to make concessions to Western powers |
| Taipang Rebellion | Most devastating revolt in history that occurred when poverty and misery increased Almost toppled Qing dynasty but it survived, millions of Chinese died |
| Ci Xi | Strong willed ruler who surrounded herself with advisors who were deeply committed to the Confucian traditions |
| Self-Strengthening Movement | Imported Western technology, developed shipyards, movement made limited progress because the government did not rally behind it |
| Sino-Japanese War | Japanese pressure on China led to this that ended in Disaster for China, Japan gained the island of Taiwan |
| Open Door Policy | Policy to keep Chinese trade open to everyone on an equal basis |
| Guang Xu | Young emperor who launched the Hundred Days of Reform |
| Boxer Uprising | Anti-foreign feeling exploded that a group of Chinese had formed a secret society or the Righteous Harmonious Fists Goal to drive out "foreign devils" who were polluting the land with their un-Chinese ways |
| Three Principles of the People | Nationalism, democracy, livelihood |
| Sun Yixian | Passionate spokesman for a Chinese republic organized a Revolutionary Alliance to rebuild China on the "Three Principles of the People" |
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