Preschool Language Intervention
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93 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Describe some early cognitive attainments. | Object concept Event expectancy Means-end Joint attention Object permanence Imitation Intentional behavior Symbolic play |
| Describe the cognitive development sequence. | 0-4 months: Reflexive --> 4-8 months: Coordinating --> 8-12 months: Intentional --> 12-18 months: Explores --> 18-24 months: Functional |
| When is a child expected to be in the intentional stage of cognitive development? | 8-12 months |
| When is a child expected to be in the reflexive stage of cognitive development? | 0-4 months |
| When is a child expected to be in the coordinating stage of cognitive development? | 4-8 months |
| When is a child expected to be in the exploratory stage of cognitive development? | 12-18 months |
| When is a child expected to be in the functional stage of cognitive development? | 18-24 months |
| What is cognition? | The ability to know and learn; mental representations and the ability to manipulate them |
| True or false: Cognition is a predictor of language. | False. |
| Describe the relationship between cognitive development and language. | Cognition and language are related but not causal. They develop at the same time. You can enhance cognition through language and language through cognition. |
| At 12 months of age __-__ words are understood. | 3-50 |
| At 18 months of age ____ words are understood. | 200 |
| A child produces his/her first word at what approximate age? | 12 months |
| At 18 months of age, how many words (approximately) should a child produce? | 50 words |
| At 24 months of age, a child will produce approximately ___ - ____ words. | 200-300 |
| By 3 years of age, a child will produce approximately ____ - _____ words. | 900-1000 |
| By 4 years of age, a child will produce how many words? | 1500 |
| By 5-7 years of age, a child will produce how many words? | 5000 |
| By 5-7 years of age, a child will understand how many words? | 14,000 |
| 27-30 months of age is when which Brown's grammatical morphemes develop? | Progressive -ing Plural -s Preposition in |
| 31-34 months of age is when which Brown's grammatical morphemes develop? | Preposition -on Possessive 's |
| 43-46 months of age is when which Brown's grammatical morphemes develop? | Regular past tense -ed Irregular past tense Regular 3rd person singular -s Articles a, the, an Contractible copula be |
| 47-50 months of age is when which Brown's grammatical morphemes develop? | Contractible auxiliary Uncontractible copula be Uncontractible auxiliary Irregular 3rd person |
| Brown's stage I occurs at what age? | 12-26 months |
| What semantic skills should emerge around 12-26 months? | agent/action agent/object action/object entity/location possessor/possession entity attribute (nice cat) demonstrative entity (That kitty) recurrence (more juice) rejection denial (not juice) dissapearance (allgone juice) |
| What pragmatic skills should emerge around 12-26 months? | sustains 1 turn primitive understanding of what listener knows |
| What is the typical MLU around 12-26 months of age? | 1.0-2.0 |
| What is the typical MLU from 27-30 month of age? | 2.0-2.4 |
| What is the typical MLU from 31-34 months of age? | 2.5-3.0 |
| What is the typical MLU from 35-40 months of age? | 3.0-3.5 |
| What is the typical MLU from 41-46 months of age? | 3.5-4.0 |
| What pragmatic skills develop from 27-30 months of age? | 1-2 turns conversational repair (attempts but often unsuccessful) |
| What syntactic skills develop from 31-34 months of age? | Simple sentence forms Use of negatives (baby not cry) Y/N questions Wh- questions Imperatives |
| What syntactic skills develop from 35-40 months of age? | Embedding phrases/clauses |
| What pragmatic skills develop from 35-40 months of age? | More than 2 turns Beginning to understand what the listener needs to know |
| What syntactic skills develop from 41-46 months of age? | Conjoining clauses |
| What pragmatic skills develop from 41-36 months of age? | More than 2 turns Meets listener's needs (if within linguistic and cognitive skill) |
| What are the stages of pragmatic development? | 1. perlocutionary (not intentional) 2. illocutionary (intentional) 3. locutionary (words convey message) |
| What pragmatic skills develop around 8 months? | Intentional communication Speech acts |
| What are speech acts? | Request action Request object Protest Comment Answer Request info Acknowledge |
| What is syntax? | organization of the rules specifying word order, sentence organization, and word relationships |
| What are the constituents of syntax? | Brown's stages, MLU, grammatical morphemes, complex sentences |
| What is semantics? | the meaning system of a language |
| What are the constituents of semantics? | vocabulary, semantic relations, question words |
| What is pragmatics? | rules that govern the use of language in social contexts and conversation |
| What are the constituents of pragmatics? | topic maintenance, turn taking, discourse genre, proximity, topic shifting, presuppositional skills |
| What is specific language impairment (SLI)? | children who have language differences only- normal in all other areas of development |
| What are the linguistic features of SLI? | Slow onset and rate of development for all language domains (not diagnosed until ~4-8 years) Form is most impacted Poor phonological processing (phonological awareness, memory, RAN, word retrieval) Grammatical morphemes slow to develop Failure to combine words at 18-24 months Produce syntactic errors for longer time Late first word Passive communicators |
| What are the non-linguistic features of SLI? | Cognition: problems with symbolic play, classification, figurative thinking, representational thought, hypothesis formation, speed/efficiency of processing Peer interaction: socially dispreferred, passive |
| Are children with SLI at risk for later reading difficulties? | Yes |
| What is slow expressive language development (SELD)? | Toddlers who are late in talking Diagnosed at 2 years of age if -fewer than 50 words -no word combinations -little productive language |
| When is SELD diagnosed? | 2-3 years of age |
| When is SLI diagnosed? | 4-8 years of age |
| When is a reading disability diagnosed? | 7+ years of age |
| What are the predictors or risk factors for SLI? | Family history Low mother education level Lower comprehension Fewer gestures Less joint attention/commenting Less thematic play Less babble complexity Simple phonetic inventory Passive |
| What linguistic areas are impacted in individuals with Down's Syndrome? | Morphosyntax: main area -poor comprehension/expression -moderate cognitive disability may limit syntax -limited morphological development Semantics: good comprehension -poor expression of vocab Pragmatics: good socially -poor with attention to objects/joint attention -use more gestures Reading: basic level |
| What is Asperger syndrome? | Normal cognitive and language development with social and behavioral symptoms of autism |
| What areas do children with Autism have difficulty in? | 1. Social interaction 2. Communication 3. Behavior 4. Intentional communication 5. Speech 6. Language |
| What difficulties do children with Autism have with social interaction? | Lack of social/emotional reciprocity Abnormal play |
| What difficulties do children with Autism have with communication? | Delay or total lack of spoken language Idiosyncratic use of language |
| What difficulties do children with Autism have with behavior? | Restricted pattern of interest Inflexible adherence to routines Stereotyped motor movements |
| What difficulties do children with Autism have with intentional communication? | Lack of joint attention Abnormal response to human faces |
| What difficulties do children with Autism have with speech? | Late onset Significantly slow rate of acquisition Impacted suprasegmentals |
| What difficulties do children with Autism have with language? | Form and vocabulary is equal to mental age (usually) Pragmatics are significantly impaired |
| What does a comprehensive language evaluation entail? | Comprehensive, norm-referenced test (e.g., PLS-4) 1-2 single area tests (1 for comprehension, 1 for production) Language sample Parent interview Observation at pre-K |
| Name a formal screening measure for child language. | Denver Developmental Screening Test-II |
| Name a formal generalized measure. | Bayley Scales of Infant/Toddler Development-III |
| Name a formalized test that measures communication. | Test of Early Language Development-3 PLS-4 |
| Name constituents of content that need assessed when taking a language sample. | Total number of words Number of different words Vocabulary Types of words Appropriate word use Relational semantics |
| Name constituents of form that need assessed when taking a language sample. | MLU single words word combinations complex sentences morphemes phrasal/clausal complexity |
| Name constituents of use that need assessed when taking a language sample. | Type of communicator Speech acts Intentions Turns Narrative |
| Name constituents of cognition than need assessed when taking a language sample. | Linguistic comprehension Responsiveness to communication partner |
| When planning intervention for a child who is culturally-linguistically diverse, you need to know what 4 things about the child's cultural values? | 1. Value of talk: amount of talk 2. Status: who initiates & directs conversation; who carries the burden of understanding 3. When intentionality begins 4. Language teaching beliefs |
| What is Pre-linguistic Milieu Teaching/Responsivity Education? | PMT: uses prompts, models, and natural consequences to encourage intentional communication RT: teaches parents to promote reciprocal interactions/use linguistic mapping (expansions, extensions) |
| What is Focused Stimulation? | Gives child multiple exemplars of a specific language target: imitation not required |
| What skills must a child have to use focused stimulation? | Joint attention Sustained attention Minimal level of social engagement |
| What is the hybrid approach? | Clinician selects treatment and manipulates yet follows interests of child in natural context |
| What are the key ideas of Hanan's It Takes Two to Talk program? | Indirect model; targets parents Child centered, interaction promoting, language modeling Target late talking toddlers, pre-K children with developmental or cognitive delays |
| What are the key ideas of Enhanced Milieu Teaching? | Teaching a sequence and what you do with a correct/incorrect response Uses: environmental arrangement Responsive interaction strategies Milieu teaching procedures |
| What are the key features of Milieu teaching? | Elicitive models Mands Time delays Incidental teaching |
| What is the target population for EMT? | SLI, ASD, ID, low SES, early stages of language development >10 productive words Verbally imitative |
| What are the key features of Responsive interaction strategies? | Contingent semantic feedback Modeling language treatment Expansions Turn-taking |
| What are the assumptions of Vygotsky's Social Interactionist theory? | 1) Children are active participants in their language development and is acquired because of the need to socially interact 2) Environment and caregivers are crucial for child to learn language 3) Child's cognitive development is the product of an interaction between the child's innate abilities and social experiences |
| What is the Zone of Proximal Development? | What children can do without help to what he cannot do; incorporates scaffolding |
| What is private speech? | Child speaking aloud to self in order to problem solve |
| Private speech is part of what developmental model? | Vygotsky's Social Interactionist theory |
| What are the assumptions of Piaget's Cognitive theory? | Language is part of cognition and cognition is a prerequisite for language 4 stages of development |
| What are Piaget's 4 stages of development? | 1. Sensorimotor intelligence 0-2 2. Pre-operational thought 2-7 3. Concrete operational 7-11 4. Formal operational 11-15 |
| What is involved in sensorimotor intelligence? | Object permanence Causality Means-end Play Imitation Communication |
| What is involved in pre-operational thought? | Conceptual thought Physical problem-solving |
| What are limitations to Piaget's Cognitive theory? | Emergence of abilities can occur prior to Piaget's model Sensorimotor schemes and symbolic schemes can develop simultaneously |
| What are the criteria for intellectual disability (ID)? | Intellectual functioning of IQ of 70-75 or less plus limitations in adaptive skills |
| What are syndromes that include ID? | Down, Fragile X, Williams, Prader-Willi |
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