Art Exam #3

Terms	Definitions
Romanticism	The sublime, Orientalism, emotional
Realism	Painted "reality"--laborers, the poor, the working class. Not Idealized. Courbet and Manet, reaction to the French Academy
Impressionism	Interested in empirically observing the world (positivism). Painted landscapes and cityscapes. Painted out doors (en plein aire)
Post-Impression	rejected empiricism, painted what they felt not what they saw, interest in non-wester world (Japanese prints).
Fauvism	Wild beasts, Painted with color, zero interest in creating a "window into the world"
Cubism	Broke space into facets and planes that jut against one another other realities? Collage.
Expressionism	Kandinsky. Synesthesia (could see sound and hear color). Theosophy (religion, philosophical, interest in mysticism). Created non-objective (abstract) art.
Futurism	Interest in speed, movement, mechanization and war as a cleansing of the world. Fascist. Wrote manifestos. Italy.
Suprematism	Malevich. Interest in pure forms and color. Arrangement of forms create balance but are not symmetrical.
Dada	reaction to war, absurd, random, chance, photomontage, anti-art
Surrealism	Freud, interest in tapping into the unconscious
Romanticism	(Coming out of Industrial Revolution) the sublime, orientalism, emotional ("cult of the individual"--not a style but an attitude)--the sense of being an individual in a very large world; The French Salon and Academic Art
Industrial Revolution	a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, and then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world.
Karl Marx	Formed the basic tenets of modern socialism and communism; If private property was abolished, so too would alienation; Private property encouraged humans to work only for themselves, not for the greater good; argues that we need collectivism; Communist Manifesto: History is a reflection of class stuggles
Evolution	Charles Darwin: Origin of Species 1859; Moving further from the Christian church; relates humanity to animals
The Sublime & Nature	(Edmund Burke) May inspire horror, but one receives pleasure in knowing that the perception is a fiction ("negative pain" = delight/removal from pain)
Scale of history painting for romantic themes	very large paintings had political meanings
Goya	Worked for the Monarchy and often critiques the monarchy; Face is very defined is self-portrait and made to look noble and heroic ; some of his work looked like rococo and whimsical; other became very dark; he went nuts; The Family of Charles IV; Third of May
Gericault	Reads a poem based on the Medusa; Self taught painter
Turner	English painter; Brush stroke movement; Surface form of painting
Walt Whitman	Poet; American Romanticist; Form of the sense of individualism; publishes himself; drawing inside the book of himself; Not rich; Confident; Song of Myself
Goya, Third of May 1808 oil/canvas
Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the "Medusa" 1819
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, La Grande Odalisque (Harem Girl) oil on canvas
Katsushika Hokusai, The great wave off kanazawa 1823-9, woodblock print
Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship 1840 oil on canvas
Orientalism	a term used by art historians, literary and cultural studies scholars for the imitation or depiction of aspects of Middle Eastern and East Asian cultures (Eastern cultures) by American and European writers, designers and artists. In particular, Orientalist painting (depicting more specifically "the Middle East"), was one of the many specialism's of 19th century Academic art. Since the publication of Edward Said's Orientalism-the term has arguably acquired a negative connotation.
Emotionalism and Individualism	Emotionalism is an approach to conducting research studies that provides a gateway to understanding people's experiences through the use of social inquiry methodologies such as ethnography. Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses "the moral worth of the individual". Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance while opposing external interference upon one's own interests by society or other institutions such as the government.
The French Salon and Academic Art	From the seventeenth century to the early part of the twentieth century, artistic production in France was controlled by artistic academies which organized official exhibitions called salons. In France, academies are institutions and learned societies which monitor, foster, critique and protect French cultural production. Academies were more institutional and more concerned with criticism and analysis than those literary gatherings today called salons which were more focused on pleasurable discourse in society, although certain gatherings around such figures as Marguerite de Valois were close to the academic spirit. In the 19th century, the salon system frequently incited criticism from artists for the bland or academic quality of the artwork, while radical artists (like Edouard Manet or Gustave Courbet) would not be received or would be greatly censored by the "respectable" public. The salon system thus forced radical and modern artists to seek alternative or unofficial exhibition sites. This is especially true for Impressionists and Fauvism. Visual Art and architecture
Realism, Impressionism and Beyond	Chapter 15
Freud (the unconscious)	The concept of the unconscious was central to Freud's account of the mind. Freud believed that while poets and thinkers had long known of the existence of the unconscious, he had ensured that it received scientific recognition in the field of psychology. However, the concept made an informal appearance in Freud's writings. It was first introduced in connection with the phenomenon of repression, to explain what happens to ideas that are repressed; Freud stated explicitly that the concept of the unconscious was based on the theory of repression
Positivism (relationship to impressionism- capturing fleeting glimpses of light, color and motion)	(sorting out factual details of the world) A philosophy developed by Auguste Comte (widely regarded as the first true sociologist) in the middle of the 19th century that stated that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge can only come from positive affirmation of theories through strict scientific method
Pointillism (Seurat)	A technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of pure color are applied in patterns to form an image. Seurat was a French Post-Impressionist painter and draftsman. He is noted for his innovative use of drawing media and for devising a technique of painting known as pointillism.
Non-objective:	Nonobjective art is another way to refer to Abstract art or nonrepresentational art. Essentially, the artwork does not represent or depict a person, place or thing in the natural world. Usually, the content of the work is its color, shapes, brushstrokes, size, scale, and, in some cases, its process
Avant-garde	means "advance guard" or "vanguard". The term is used in English as a noun or adjective to refer to people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly with respect to art, culture, and politics. Avant-garde represents a pushing of the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm.
Invention of the x-ray, study of light waves and their impact on the arts	In 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays. X-rays are electromagnetic waves with very short wavelengths that pass through material normally opaque to light.
Invention of paint in tube	Paint in tubes changed the way some artists approached painting. The artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir said, "Without tubes of paint, there would have been no Impressionism." For the Impressionists, tubed paints offered an easily accessible variety of colors for their plein air palettes, motivating them to make spontaneous color choices. With greater quantities of preserved paint, they were able to apply paint more thickly.
Theosophy and Synesthesia	Kadinsky. Theosophy: religious philosophy, metaphysics, all religions hold some truth Synesthesia: one type of sensory stimulation evokes the sensation of another Kandinsky thought he could see sound and hear color
Realism	Painted "reality"--laborers, the poor, the working class. Not idealized. Courbet and Manet, reaction to the French Academy.
Impressionism	Interested in empirically observing the world (positivism). Painted landscapes and cityscapes. Painted out doors (en plein aire)
Post-Impressionism	rejected empiricism, painted what they felt not what they saw, interest in non-wester world (Japanese prints)
Cubism	Broke space into facets and planes that jut against one another. Other realities? Collage
Futurism	Interest in speed, movement, mechanization and war as a cleansing of the world. Fascist. Wrote manifestos. Italy
Expressionism	Kadinsky. Synesthesia (could see sound and hear color). Theosophy (religion, philosophical, interest in mysticism). Created non-objective (abstract) art.
Fauvism	Wild Beasts, Painted with color, zero interest in creating a "window into the world"
Suprematism	Malevich. Interest in pure forms and color. Arrangement of forms create balance but are not symmetrical
Dada	Reaction to war, absurd, random, chance, photomontage, anti-art
Surrealism	Freud, interest in tapping into the unconscious
Japonisme	The term came up in France in the seventies of the 19th century to describe the craze for Japanese culture and art. Van Gogh like so many other Impressionist and Post-Impressionist artists was one of the admirers of Japanese art. The Japanese influence is obvious in his art work.
Futurist Manifesto	Manifestos were very popular; Collective of artists who were called a specific name and using that name as a political platform; Manifesto is kind of like a political agenda - "this is what we stand for"
Manet	Flaneur: perfectly dressed man with impeccably good manners who kept abreast of current events through newspapers and gossip; Modernity: constance change and renewal; "Painter of Modern Life"
Manet, Luncheon on the Grass 1863(Salon de refusés/salon of the refused)
Effect of photography on other arts (Louis Daguerre)	Louis was a French artist and physicist, recognized for his invention of the daguerreotype process of photography. Daguerreotype produced a unique image which could only be duplicated by using a camera to photograph the original. Despite this drawback, millions of Daguerreotypes were produced
Painting en plein aire	Painting en plein air simply means painting outdoors, in the open air. The popularity of painting en plein air increased in the 1870s with the introduction of paints in tubes.
Duchamp (ready made)	French artist unsure of what style he wanted to use; embraced cubism, aligned with dada, very influential to artists today; studied Muybridges' moving picture (the race horse pictures); Readymades; last piece of art was a door that had a peephole of a naked woman lying in the grass
Nijinksy: Rites of Spring	Angular; beginning of modern dance; caused a riot; music by Igor Stravinksy; Jerky Movement; People were enraged at the Paris opera house; a year later everyone loves it
Isadora Duncan	Expressive, emotional, and broke with convention; frolic dancing; considered one the founders of modern dance; danced barefoot, looked improves; swinging around
Gertrude Stein (writing in the style the cubist's painted) Pablo Picasso Painted her	An American writer, poet and art collector who spent most of her life in France. Cubist paintings influenced her idea of equality, distinguished from universality: "The whole field of the canvas is important". Rather than a figure/ground relationship, "Stein in her work with words used the entire text as a field in which every element mattered as much as any other." It is a subjective relationship that includes multiple viewpoints. Stein explained: "The important thing is that you must have deep down as the deepest thing in you a sense of equality."
Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers, 1849 oil on canvas	Realism
Edouard Manet, Déjeuner sur l'herbe (The Picnic), 1863 oil on canvas	Relaism
Claude Monet, On the Seine at Bennecourt, 1868 oil on canvas	Impressionism (pg 492)
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876 oil on canvas	Impressionism
Auguste Rodin, The Burghers of Calais, 1866	Realism
Georges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884-6 oil on canvas	Post-Impressionism
Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire seen from Les Lauves, 1902-4 oil on canvas	Defies Categorization pg. 499
Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 oil on canvas	Cubism; "A new pictorial syntax"
Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913	Futurism
Vasily Kandinsky, Improvisation No. 30, 1913 oil on canvas	Expressionism pg. 504
Antoni Gaudí, Casa Batlló, Barcelona, Spain, 1904-6
Man Ray, Rayograph, 1922	Surrealism pg. 543
Modernism	Modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes the modernist movement in the arts, its set of cultural tendencies and associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In particular the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by the horror of World War I, were among the factors that shaped Modernism
World War I	The biggest art movement that came out of WW I was the Dada movement. This is a movement that saw society, and aspects of modernism as the root cause of WW I. The artist who made Dada works rejected the conventional standards of artistic conformity and created art on their own terms. They believed reason and logic lead to the war, so they in turn embraced the opposite. If art was meant to be beautiful, theirs was ugly, it was meant to have a moral message, and theirs had no message. It was believed that rejection of society would destroy that which had destroyed so much of their own personal lives. WW I also produced a deep feeling of depression among many European artists. Many artists participated in the war and the witnessing death, fear, and horrors of the war, influence greatly their art work.
Modern Architecture (Gaudi & Louis Sullivan)	Structure and theme of a building
Gaudi	Interested in organic forms; wanted the Casa Battlo to look like it was built into some kind of rock or sand structure
Louis Sullivan	"Form Follows Function"; Created the bottom floor for retail and the one's above for office space; function that everyone needs a window; invention of the elevator
Henri Matisse Woman with the Hat, 1905	Fauves: Wild Beasts ; Painted with color; Fauves: group of painters that painted together (just a short period of time b/c they exhausted their selves); Matisse explores different relationships of color;
Henri Matisse, Red Room	Flatness (imagine Japanese prints)
Primitivism	nonwestern inspiration in the art world in early 20th century (Pablo Picasso)
Luis Buñuel Un Chien Andalou	: A 1929 silent surrealist short film by the Spanish director Luis Buñuel and artist Salvador Dalí. It was Buñuel's first film and was initially released in 1929 to a limited showing in Paris, but became popular and ran for eight months. The film has no plot in the conventional sense of the word. The chronology of the film is disjointed, jumping from the initial "once upon a time" to "eight years later" without the events or characters changing very much. It uses dream logic in narrative flow that can be described in terms of then-popular Freudian free association, presenting a series of tenuously related scenes
Maya Deren Meshes of the Afternoon	A short experimental film directed by wife-and-husband team, Maya Deren and Alexander Hammid. The film's narrative is circular, and repeats a number of psychologically symbolic images, including a flower on a long driveway, a key falling, a door unlocked, a knife in a loaf of bread, a mysterious Grim Reaper-like cloaked figure with a mirror for a face, a phone off the hook and an ocean. Through creative editing, distinct camera angles, and slow motion, the surrealist film depicts a world in which it is more and more difficult to catch reality.
Salvador Dali (surrealism)
Socialist Realism	forbidden to paint anything abstract in RUssia at the time Stalin came into power (not allowed to pain reductive, geometric forms)
Photomontage	Collage using found photos and text (dada)
Suprematism Painting	Eight Red Rectangles
Exquisite Corpse	Drawing and then folding it over for someone else to draw (surrealism)
Photogram	placing objects directly on paper and exposing light (surrealism)
Automatism	Put yourself under some kind of hypnosis and draw what you want to draw