Ch 8 vocab- the cold war in europe
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natasha_reddy on April 3, 2012
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59 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Iron Curtain | Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West. |
| Marshall Plan | America gives $13 billion in aid to help rebuild prosperity and stability of war-torn Europe; proposed because of economic problems in Greece after WWII |
| Truman Doctrine | 1947 doctrine arguing that struggling countries would be more likely to "fall" to communism than to become democratic after WWII |
| COMECON | Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; Stalin refused to allow participation in Marshall Plan; said it was an attempt to undercut Soviet influence in its SOI. Developed this plan instead; it failed. |
| Cominform | Soviet organization whose purpose was to denounce Marshall Plan aid. |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | An international body founded in 1995 to promote international trade and economic development by reducing tariffs and other restrictions |
| World Bank | An international banking organization established to control the distribution of economic aid among member nations, and to make loans to them in times of financial crisis |
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) | a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies |
| North Atlantic Treaty | Defensive military alliance between Western Europe, U.S., Canada; pledged support to each other if 1 member was attacked; 1st time in US history America entered into military alliance during peacetime |
| South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) | A defense alliance that existed between 1954 and 1977 for countries of Southeast Asia and part of the southwestern Pacific, to further a US policy of containing communism. |
| Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) | Members included: U.S., Great Britain, Turkey, Iran and West Pakistan. To counter the threat of Soviet expansion into the Middle East. Dissolved in 1979 |
| Organization of American States (OAS) | international organization that promotes peace and economic progress in the Americas |
| Warsaw Pact | A treaty of mutual defense and military aid signed at Warsaw on May 14, 1955, by communist states of Europe under Soviet influence, in response to the admission of West Germany to NATO. |
| Geneva Conventions | International humanitarian laws dealing with treatment of wounded or captured soldiers and civilians under enemy control |
| European Economic Community (EEC) | The regional trade and economic organization established in Western Europe by the Treaty of Rome in 1958; also known as the Common Market. |
| European Union (EU) | An economic and political association of European countries as a unit with internal free trade and common external tariffs |
| CIA | was/is a agency designed to gather facts about possible threats to the U.S. It provided America with information about the Soviets and other communist nations. |
| KGB | The state security police (1954-91) of the former Soviet Union with responsibility for external espionage, internal counterintelligence, and internal "crimes against the state." |
| containment policy | Created by George Kennan; U.S.'s responsibility was to keep communism within existing boundaries and prevent future Soviet aggressive moves |
| satellite states | countries with pro-Stalin governments on Russia's border |
| arms race | competition between nations to gain an advantage in weapons |
| Spheres of Influence | area over which a nation has significant cultural, economic, military or political influence |
| deterrence | an effort to preserve the status quo through the threat of force |
| détente | A French word meaning the relaxing of tensions. The tensions between the relations of America and the Soviet Union began relaxing. |
| domino theory | Idea that if one country fell to communism (such as Greece or Vietnam), the rest of the world would fall, too. |
| welfare state | Government establishing welfar for its citizens. This included financial aid for the unemployed, care for the elderly and retirement. |
| proxy wars | battle that results when two powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly, with the goal that the substitutes can knock out one of the powers without leading to full-scale war. |
| Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) theory | Because US and USSR had nuclear weapons, actually fighting each other became unthinkable. It would cause certain annihilation. |
| Greek Civil War | Communists v. Anti-Communists fight for control of Greece after WWII. Soviets support Commies; Brits support Anti-Communists. British fail and withdraw economic aid from Greece; Soviets appear to win, prompting Truman to offer aid $ to non-communist forces in Greece. This stops communists from taking over. |
| Berlin Airlift | American and British military planes fly food/supplies into Berlin |
| Berlin Wall | The literal sense of the Iron Curtain. It was a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from fleeing. |
| German Democratic Republic | Communist, East |
| Federal Republic of Germany | Democratic, West |
| La Brigada | anti-Castro Cubans |
| Fulgencio Batista | The pro-American dictator of Cuba before Fidel Castro. He was overthrown, and Castro and the Communists took over. It was now a pro-communist nation |
| Cuban Revolution | 1958: Fidel Castro led a group of peasants and middle-class Cubans in communist a revolt against Batista; Castro took power. Castro nationalized (government took over) American-owned industries and properties. U.S. refused to cooperate; Castro sought help from USSR. |
| Fidel Castro | He was a Cuban socialist leader who overthrew Fulgencia Batista ina revolution. He established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba |
| Che Guevara | He was an Argentinean revolutionary leader. He aided to Fidel Castro's overthrow of Fulgencio Batista in the Cuban Revolution |
| Bay of Pigs | President Eisenhower ordered CIA to train a secret force of anti-Castro Cubans called "La Brigada" to overthrow Castro. President Kennedy ordered La Brigada to secretly land in Cuba, inspire a revolution against Castro, take over Cuba and make it an American satellite. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | JFK plans Operation Mongoose (CIA would assassinate Castro; it fails), and Khruschev (leader of USSR after Stalin) installs Soviet nuclear missiles off of Cuba's coast. Khruschev believes he could increase Soviet military power by doing this. |
| Nikita Kruschev | emerged as a leader in the Soviet Union after the death of dictator Josef Stalin. In 1956, he advocated reform and indirectly criticized Stalin and his methods. He became the Premier of the Soviet Union from 1958 to 1974. |
| de-Stalinization | Kruschev's process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin. He did so through change and reform of the policies. |
| Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago | The author of the Gulag Archipelago, which told the horrors of the Gulag. It was allowed publication during de-Stalization. |
| Josef Tito | The Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman that started the revolt know as the Prague Spring. Yugoslavia's revolt was the model for others |
| Albania & Yugoslavia (how they were an exception) | Two nations in Eastern Europe under Soviet control as a satellite state. They revolted against the communist regime, and were quickly silenced. |
| Prague Spring | The beginning of program of reform when many rights were given. The Soviet Union invaded and put down the short-lived period of freedom. |
| Alexander Dubcek | The Communist Party Secretary of Czechoslovakia. He reformed by less strict rules, freedom of speech, and assured loyalty to USSR to allow those freedoms. |
| Hungarian Uprising | The huge demonstrations led by Hungarian nationalists. They demanded non-communist parties be legalized. Rebellion spread throughout the country. |
| Imre Nagy | The Hungarian Communist Party leader who attempted to end association with the USSR. His actions led to the 1956 Hungarian revolt. |
| Lech Walesa | A Polish politician who co-founded Solidarity. This was the Soviet's first independent trade union, and won the Nobel Peace Prize for this creation. |
| Vaclav Havel | A Czech playwright that called for the independence of Czech. He eventually became the first President of Czecho and the Czech Republic |
| Leonid Brezhnev | The successor of from Nikita Khrushchev. He became leader of the Soviet Communist party in and ordered forces into Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia. |
| Brezhnev Doctrine | A policy proclaim in 1968. Declared that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any Socialist country whenever it said so. |
| Nicolae Ceausescu | He was the communist party leader in Romania. He dealt with debt problems that got so bad, he and his wife were executed and it was covered by the media. |
| German reunification | The reunifying of East and West Germany. Many felt differently about this occurence, some were for, and some were against it. |
| perestroika | restructuring of Soviet economy (i.e. allowing private ownership of business) |
| glasnost | reforming Soviet government to make it more transparent; freedom of information |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms |
| Ronald Reagan | U.S. president who labeled the USSR as an "evil empire." He didn't trust Gorbachev and called for the tearing down the Berlin Wall, eventually the end of the Cold War |
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