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Two Parts of the Nervous System Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves Division of Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System Parts of Somatic Nervous System Afferent Neurons and Efferent Neurons Afferent Neurons of Somatic Nervous system carry nerve impulses from receptors or special sense organs toward the central nervous system. Efferent Neurons of Somatic Nervous System carry nerve impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to the skeletal muscles. Voluntary. Also called motor neurons. Somatic Nervous System the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles Afferent Neurons of Autonomic Nervous System carry sensory from the viscera (internal organs) to the central nervous system Efferent Neurons of Autonomic Nervous System carry nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the smooth and cardiac muscles Divisions of Efferent neurons of the autonomic nervous system Parasympathetic division and Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division fibers that keep you in your normal state of being, a branch of the autonomic nervous system that maintains normal body functions; it calms the body ever conserves energy Sympathetic Division involuntary, a branch of the autonomic nervous system and prepares the body for quick action in emergencies; fight or flight; busiest when frightened, angry, or aroused; increases heart rate, increases breathing rate, enlarges pupils, stops digestion; connects to all internal organs; sudden reaction Tissue of nervous system made up of neurons Types of neurons of nervous system Multipolar, Bipolar, Unipolar Multipolar Tissue tissue of nervous system, 1 axon extending from cell body, 99% of your body ore this type of tissue Bipolar Tissue tissue of nervous system, 2 axons extending from cell, typically special senses (afferent) Unipolar Tissue tissue of nervous system, 1 axon that splits into 2 processes Central process to spinal cord, peripheral process Functional Classifications of neurons Afferent, Efferent, Interneurons Afferent neurons from the PNS to the CNS, most are unipolar, sensory Ganglia unipolar cell bodies packaged in peripheral nervous system Efferent neurons from the CNS to the PNS, multipolar, cell body is on the CNS Interneurons connects afferent to efferent, mostly multipolar, 99.98% of all neurons, found in the CNS, association neurons Neuroglia astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, satellite cells, Schwann cells Astrocytes maintain and control the ionic balance around neurons Microglia part of the natural protection site of the central nerbous system, phagocytes, least abundant Ependymal cells produce and secrete cerbrospinal fluid Cerebrospinal fluid provide nutrients and get rid of waste Oligodendrocytes line entire large axons in the Central nervous system with myelin CNS Satellite cells surround the cell bodies of unipolar bodies (ganglia), maintain and control ionic balance, PNS Schwann cells surround axons of pns with circular myelin, leaving a gap in between the cells Node of Ranvier gap in between schwann cells of PNS Myelin insulator, white in color White matter cells covered with myelin Gray matter cells not covered with myelin Nerve bunch of neurons Neurolemma cell membrane of a nerve Fascia a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue separating or binding together neurons Endoneurium delicate connective tissue around individual nerve fibers in nerve Epineurium Surrounds the entire nerve Perineurium connective tissue that covers a bundle of nerve fibers Two Steps of action potential in a nerve Resting membrane potential and propagation Resting membrane potential all cells have a charge difference between extracellular and intracellular, -70 mV, sodium potassium pumps are in conjunction with sodium and potassium channels, sodium and potassium gates are closed to establish -70 mV, Sodium and potassium pumps are operating Sodium and potassium pumps pumps 3 Sodium out of cell and 2 Potassium into cell, atp is required propagation of an action potential stimuli opens sodium gates, at +30 mV potassium gates open, at 0mV NA and K gates close and RMP reastablishes Threshold -55mV all of Na gates open Na rushes in sodium equal out but potassium stays the same Refractory period the time between successive action potentials or depolarizations Synapse finctional connection between a neuron and another cell Types of Synaptic cells presynaptic and postsynaptic Neurotransmitters a chemical that transmits action potential to P.S.C. Types of neurotransmitters Acetylcholine, seratonin, dopamine, epinephrine, and noraepinephrine Seratonin the feel good neurotransmitter Dopamine consciousness neurotransmitter Epinephrine and noraepinephrine adrenaline transmitter Parts of the brain brain stem, diecncephalon, cerebellum, cerebrum, Meninges Parts of the brain stem midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata parts of the diencephalon hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalumus, pineal gland Corpus callosum nerve tracts that cvonnect the left and right hemispheres Septum pellucidum membrane that seperates left and right ventricles Longitudinal fissure fissure that seperates left and right Lobes frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal Central sulcus groove that seperates lobes Frontal intellect Occipital vision Broca's area forms words Weinicke's area picks up sound, comprehension Apraxia cannot say words but can think the words Precentral gyrus motor gyrus anterior to central sulcus Postcentral gyrus sensory gyrus posterior to central sulcus Meninges Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater Dura mater outer tough meninge Arachnoid mater middle meninge Pia mater inner meninge Third ventricle ventricle between the thalamus and hypothalamus Fourth ventricle ventricle between the base and the cerebellum within the brain stem Choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid Medulla oblongata cardiovascular center of the body,influences the rate of heart rhythms, rhythmic center for breathing, coordinates swallowing and vomiting Pons Chewing, eye muscles, head and face sensation, coordinates taste, salivation, and equilibrium Midbrain head and neck reflex Cerebellum coordinates complex skeletal muscle movement, regulates posture and balance Pineal gland secretes melatonin when the eyes do not percieve light Melatonin makes you sleep Thalamus signals to and from the CNS go through this and it sends them to where they belong Hypothalamus responsible for homeostasis of temperature and blood pressure, effect autnonomic nervous system, emotional response center, regualtes food and water intake, controls endocrine system Basal Nuclei not a dissectable structure, several structures that fuction together, disturbacnes cause parkinson's disease, parts used during planning Limbic System cannot be dissected out, several structures, responsible for emotions, moods, part of the hypothalamus, responsible for survival instincts, responsible for motivation, some memory especially smell Parts of cerebrum cortex and medulla Cortex part of cerebrum, gray matter Medulla part of cerebrum, white matter Cranial nerves Olfactory, optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, Vestibulocochlear, glossophrayngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal Oh, Oh, Oh, to touch and feeal very good velvet at home Olfactory, optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, Vestibulocochlear, glossophrayngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal Olfactory nerve I. passes through olfactory foramen Optic Nerve II passes though optic canal Oculomotor Nerve III passes though Superior Orbital Fissure Trochlear Nerve IV passes through superior orbital Fissure Trigeminal Nerve V. passes through superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, and foramen ovale Abducens Nerve VI passes through superior orbital fissure Facial nerve VII passes through superio orbital fissure and internal acoustic meatus Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII passes through internal acoustic meatus Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX passes through jugular foramen Vagus X. passes though jugular foramen, largest cranial nerve Spinal Accessory Nerve XI. passes through jugular foramen Hypoglossal Nerve XII passes through Hypoglossal Foramen Parietal lobe Broca's area, forms words Temporal Lobe Weinecke's Area, picks up sound Autonomic nervous system The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. Interthalamic mass connection between right and left thalamus