1.
black death: A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351
2.
copernicus: Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)
3.
council of trent: The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.
4.
counter-reformation: the reform movement within the roman catholic church whose goals were to abolish abuses and reaffirm traditional beliefs
5.
elizabeth 1: A queen of England- "The Virgin Queen"- who brought England back out of Catholicism and incorporated some Calvinist ideas into Anglicism
6.
great schism: a division in the medieval Roman Catholic Church, during which rival popes were established in Avignon and in Rome.
7.
humanists: Renaissance scholars interested in moral philosophy, history, and literature, drawing inspiration from classical texts.
8.
hundred years' war: contributed to the end of medieval europe
9.
indulgences: Remission of sins granted to people by the Catholic church, such as for money
10.
inquisition: A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.
11.
johann gutenberg: Man who created the printing press and changed the production and reading of books
12.
john calvin: 1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.
13.
leonardo de vinci: was a true renaissance man, and artist and an inventor. He painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper and had a variety of interests.
14.
martin luther: German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
15.
michelangelo: (1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.
16.
niccolo machiavelli: (1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."
17.
ninety-five theses: Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic church arguing against indulgences and for a direct relationship to God.
18.
renaissance: The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history
