Exam 3 (Matching)
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62 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 In the Round | In a sculpture, a work fully finished on all sides and standing free of a background. |
| Ceramic | Made of baked clay. |
| Groin Vaults | Formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles. |
| Tapestry | An elaborate textile meant to be hung from a wall and featuring images and motifs produced by various weaving techniques. |
| Modeling | In sculpture, manipulating a plastic material such as clay or wax to create a form. |
| Romanesque | A style of architecture and art dominant in Europe from the 9th to the 12th century. The architecture, based on ancient Roman precedence emphasizes a round arch and barrel vaults. |
| Capital | In architecture, a decorative, sculpted block surmounting a column. In classical architecture the forms of this is the most distinctive element of various orders. |
| Cornice | In classical architecture, the uppermost element of an entablaturel; a raking ________ frames the upper, slanting edges of a pediment. More generally, a horizontal projecting element usually molded and usually at the top of a wall. |
| Entablature | In classical architecture, the horizontal structure supported by capitals and supporting in turn the pediment or roof. This consists of three horizontal bands; architrave, frieze, and cornice. |
| Cubism | A movement developed in the early 20th centurey by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. In its most severe "analytical" phase it is abstracted, the forms of the visible world into fragments or facets drawn from multiple points of view, then constructed in an image from them which has its own internal logic. |
| Pediment | In classical architecture, the triangular element supported by the columns of a portico. More generally, any similar element over a door or window. |
| Ionic Order | The shaft is fluted and rests on a stepped base. The capital is carved in graceful, scrolling forms called volutes. |
| Order | In classical architecture, a system of standarized types. In Ancient Greek architecture three ______ pertain; Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. |
| Cointhian Order | The shaft is fluted and rests on a more detailed stepped base. The elaborate capital is carved with motifs based on stylized acanthus leaves. |
| Doric Order | The shaft of the column maybe smooth or fluted. It does not have a base. The capital is a rounded stone disc supporting a plain, rectangular slab. |
| Minimalism | A broad tendency during the 1960's and 70's towards simple, primary forms. __________ artists often favored industrial materials (sheet metal, bricks, plywood, flourescent lights) in their sculptures (which they prefered to call objects) tended to be set on the floor or attached to the wall rather than attached to a pedestal. |
| Cantilever | In architecture, a horizontal structure element supported at one end only, with the other end projecting into space. |
| Sfumato | From the Italian word for "smoke." A technique of painting in thin glazes to achieve a hazy, cloudy atmosphere, often to represent objects or landscapes meant to be perceived as distant from the picture plane. |
| Assembling | The technique of creating a sculpture by grouping or piecing together distcinct elements, as opposed to casting, molding, or carving. |
| Expressionism | An art movement of the early 20th century especially prevelant in Germany which claimed the right to distort visual appearances to express psychological or emotional states especially the artist's own personal feelings. |
| Rotunda | An open, cylindrical inner space usually covered by a dome. |
| Nave | In an Ancient Roman bascilla, the taller, central space flanked by aisles. In a cruciform church the long space flanked by aisles, and leading from the entrance to the transept. |
| Bauhaus | A school of art and architecture in Germany from 1919 to 1933 whose influence was felt across the 20th century. |
| Hypostyle | An interior space filled with rows and comlumns that serve to support the roof. |
| Ferroconcrete | Concrete reinforced internally with iron rods or steel mesh. |
| Relief | Anything that projects from a background. |
| High Relief | Figures project substantially from the background, often by half their full depth or more. |
| Low Relief/Bas-Relief | The figures project minimally, as on a coin. |
| Bay | In architecture, a modular unit of space, generally cubic and generally defined by four supporting piers or columns. |
| Coffer | A recessed geometrical panel in the ceiling often used in multiples as a decorative element. |
| Drum | In architecture, a cylindrical wall used as a base for a dome. |
| Realism | Broadly, any art in which the goal is to portray forms in the natural world in a highly faithful manner. Specifically, and art style of the mid 19th century, identified especially with Gustave Courbet, which fostered the idea that everyday people and events are fit subjects for important art. |
| Mannerism | From the Italian word for "style" or "stylishness" a trend in 16th century Italian art. These artists cultivated a variety of elegant, refined, virtuistic, and highly artificial styles often featuring elongated figures, sinuous contours, bizarre effects of scale and lighting, shallow pictorial space and intense colors. |
| International Style | A style that prevailed after World War II as the asthetic of earlier Modernist movement such as 'de Stijl' in the Bauhaus spread throught the West and beyond. These type of buidings are generally characteriozed by clean lines, rectangular geometric shapes, minimalist ornamentation, and steel-and-glass construction. |
| Keystone | The wedge shaped, central stone in an arch. |
| Minaret | A tower forming part of a mosque and serving as a place from which the faithful are called to prayer. |
| Volute | In architecture, a spiral, scroll like ornament such as the capital of a column in the Ionic Order. |
| Oculus | A circular opening in a wall or at the top of a dome. |
| Architrave | In classical architecture, the lowest band of the entablature. |
| Pendentives | In architecture, a curving, triagngular section that serves as a transition between a dome and the four walls of a rectangular building. |
| Tensile Strength | In architecture, the ability of a material to span horizonal distances with a minimal support from underneath. |
| Installation | An art form in which an entire room or similar space is treated as a work of art to be entered and experienced. More broadly, the placing of a work of art in a specific location, usually for a limited time. |
| Corbelling | In architecture, a construction technique in which course of stone projects slightly beyond the one below. This can be used to create space-spanning forms that resemble the arch, the vault, and the dome though they do not bear weight in the same way. |
| Ribs | In architecture, projecting bands on a ceiling or a vault. |
| Barrel Vault | A half rounded arch extended in depth. |
| Carving | In sculpture, a subtractive technique in a which a mass of material such as stone or wood is shaped by cutting and/or abrasion. |
| Frieze | In classical architecture, the middle band of an entablature, between the architrave and the cornic, often decorated with relief sculpture. Generally, any horizontal band or relief sculpture or painted decoration. |
| Flying Buttresses | Consists of a strapped or arched segment running from a free standing pier to an outer wall. |
| Portico | A projecting porch with a roof supported by columns, often marking the entrance to a building. |
| Land Art/Earthwork | Art, generally large in scale, made in a landscape using natural elements found there such as rock and dirt. This type of art arose during the 1960's as a way to bypass current exhibition spaces and to make art that could not be sold as a commodity. |
| Adobe | Sun-dried (as opposed to furnace-baked) brick made of clay mixed with straw. |
| Contrapposto | A pose that suggest the potential for movement and thus life, in a standing human figure. Developed by sculptures in Ancinet Greece, this pose places the figures weight on one foot, setting off a series of adjustments to the hips and shoulders that produce a suitable S-curve. |
| Pier | A vertical suppport, often square or rectangular, used to bear the heaviest loads in an arched or vaulted structure. This may be stylized to resemble a bundle of columns. |
| Casting | The process of making a sculpture or some other object by pouring liquid into a mold, letting it harden, and then releasing it. Common materials used for this include bronze, plaster, clay, and synthetic resins. |
| Porcelain | A cermaic ware, usually white, firing in the highest temperature ranges and often used for dinner ware, vases, and sculpture. |
| Lost-wax Casting | A technique for casting sculptures or other objects in metal. A model of the objects to be cast is created in wax, fitted with wax rods, then encased in a heat resistant material such as plaster or clay, leaving the rods protruding. The ensemble is heated so that the wax melts and runs out, creating a mold. Molten metal is poured into the mold through channels created by the metal wax rods, filling the voide where the wax originally used to be. When the metal has cooled, the mold is broken open to release the casting. |
| Plastic | 1) Capable of being molded or shaped, as clay. 2) Any synthetic polymer substance such as acrylic. |
| Forging | A technique of shaping metal, especially iron, by heating it until it softens and then beating or hammering it. |
| Buttress | In architecture, an exterior support that counteracts the outward thrust of an arch, dome, or wall. |
| Stained Glass | The technique of creating images or decorations from precisly cut pieces of colored glass held together with strips of lead. |
| Gothic | Style of art and architecture that flourished in Europe, especially in Northern Europe, from the mid 12th century to the 16th century. Gothic architecture found its finest expression in cathedrals, which are characterized by soaring interiors and large stain glass windows, features made possible by the use of the pointed arch and the flying buttress. |
| Mold | A casing containing a shaped void in which liquid metal, clay, or other material may be cast. |
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