Classification, Viruses, and Bacteria
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67 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 biodiversity | the variety of life that exists on earth today |
| taxonomy | the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms |
| classification | process of putting objects or ideas into groups based on similarity |
| nomenclature | science of naming organisms |
| taxonomy | 2 parts: classification and nomenclature |
| Aristotle | our first taxonomist |
| Aristotle | made 2 kingdoms: K. Plantae and K. Animalia |
| K. Plantae | Aristotles kingdom that subdivided into three groups: herbs, shrubs, and trees |
| K. Animalia | Aristotles kingdom that subdivided into three groups: land, water, and air dwellers |
| K. Protista | 3rd kingdom added when microscopes were first invented; all single-celled organisms and microscopic organisms; "catch all kingdom" |
| K. Monera | 4th kingdom when better microscopes were invented; prokaryotic cells, bacteria |
| Linneaus | devised system of grouping organisms |
| Phylogenetics | the analysis of the evolutionary or ancestral relationships among taxa |
| Cladistics | developed by Willi Hennig; system of phylogenetic analysis that uses shared and derived characteristics |
| shared characteristics | a feature that all members of a group have in common |
| derived characteristics | a feature that evolved only within the group under consideration |
| virus | nonliving particle made up of a nucleic acid and a protein coat |
| virus | don't have cytoplasm, can't carry out cellular functions, don't grow as cells do by dividing into two, have DNA or RNA but cannot reproduce unless inside a host cell: characteristics of.... |
| virus | some of the smallest particles capable of causing disease, protein coat=capsid, inner core of DNA or RNA, some have a bilipid membrane formed from the host cell membrane: structure of.... |
| envelope | a bilipid membrane that surrounds the capsid in a virus |
| replication of virus | obligate intracellular parasites, can only by using host cell enzymes and organelles, entry through: injection, break in skin(inhaling, ingestion), endocytosis |
| DNA virus | inserts_____ into host cell, ______ is transcribed into mRNA and translated into viral proteins, host cell replicates viral ______, viral_____ and viral proteins are assembled into viral particles with in the host cell |
| RNA virus | genome of some serves as direct ______ which is translated immediately into host cell, reverses normal process of transcription..._______ now makes __NA |
| bacteriophages | viruses that infect prokaryotes; very species-specific |
| Lytic cycle | destroys the cells they infect; gets in, makes copies of viral DNA, sets up capsids, assembles viral particles, cell bursts |
| Lysogenic cycle | calm, easy going; passes quietly until cells bursts |
| vector | an intermediate host that transfers a pathogen or parasite to another organism |
| virus | antibiotics DONT WORK |
| viroids | the smallest known particles that are able to replicate; infect plants; short circular strand of RNA that doesn't have a capsid |
| prions | infectious protein particles that DONT have a genome; infect animals |
| K. Archaebacteria | "ancient bacteria", unicellular, heterotrophic/chemosynthetic, no peptidogylcan in cell wall, usually found in extreme environments |
| Methanogens | K. Archaebacteria; convert H2 and CO2 to methane gas; anaerobic |
| Halophiles | K. Archaebacteria; "salt-loving"-gives off colors in ponds/oceans as waste |
| Thermoacidophiles | K. Archaebacteria; love acidic environments with high temperatures |
| D. Archaea | K. Archaebacteria |
| D. Bacteria | K. Eubacteria |
| K. Eubacteria | bacteria that occurs in one of 3 basic shapes: cocci, bacillus, and spirillum |
| cocci | spherical |
| bacillus | rod-shaped |
| spirillum | spiral or corkscrew shape |
| Gram-Negative | complex cells walls with very little peptidoglycan and usually a gelantious layer; appear pink |
| Gram-positive | simple cell walls-think layer of peptidoglycan; appear purple |
| Prokaryote | cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, DNA, most have a cell wall; structures of.... |
| cell wall | _______in prokaryotes; made up of peptidoglycan, gives cell its shape, protects it from toxic substances |
| Cell membrane | _______in prokaryotes; lipid bilayers with proteins, controls what goes in and out of cell, photosynthetic bacteria have internal foldings=thylakoids |
| DNA | _______in prokaryotes; single, close-loop of double stander DNA, no nucleus, plasmids, some carry genes that cause disease and provide resistance to certain antibiotics |
| capsules | _______in prokaryotes; outer covering of polysaccharides; bind to cell wall and protect |
| Glycocalyx | fuzzy coat of sticky sugars- allows to connect to surface of host cell/tissue; capsules of prokaryotes |
| Pili | short, hair-like protein structures on the surface of some bacteria; help connect to other surfaces , pass DNA between 2 bacteria cells, aid in movement |
| endospores | think-coated, resistant structure in some gram-positive bacteria; contains cells DNA and can survive harsh conditions: can only kill with STERILIZATION |
| bacteria nutritional needs | a source of carbon to build organics and a source of energy |
| obligate aerobes | a bacteria that needs oxygen to survive |
| obligate anaerobes | a bacteria that cannot survive when oxygen is present |
| facultative anaerobes | a bacteria that can live with or without oxygen |
| Psychrophiles | cold-loving bacteria |
| Mesophiles | moderate temperature bacteria |
| Thermophiles | high temperature bacteria |
| Acidophiles | acidic; thrive in pH lower than 6 |
| recombination | exchanging pieces of DNA from outside environment |
| transformation | recombination; taking DNA from the outside environment |
| conjugation | recombination; exchange if DNA from one bacteria cell to another thru pili |
| transduction | recombination; virus attacks as a natural vector |
| Pathology | the study of infectious disease |
| Pathogen | some that causes an infectious disease |
| Exotoxins | toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment; usually proteins; usually from gram-positive bacteria |
| endotoxins | toxic substances associated with the outer membrane of some bacteria; made up of lipids and carbs; associated with gram-negative bacteria, not released until cell dies |
| Zoonosis | a disease that can pass from animal to human |
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