Chemistry Test 1
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52 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 matter | -anything that occupies space and has a mass -living and non living things -3 states- liquid, solid, gas |
| mass | the amount of matter a substance contains |
| weight | effected by force of gravity, depends on elevation |
| energy | capacity to do work or put mass in motion 2 kinds: potential, kinetic |
| potential energy | inactive (stored) energy |
| kinetic energy | energy in motion |
| radient energy | travels in waves (ultraviolet, microwave, solar) |
| electrical energy | results from the flow of charged particles (plugged in) |
| heat energy | transfered from one object to another because of difference in temperature |
| chemical energy | -(potential) results from breaking apart or making chemical bonds -can be absorbed or released in the form of heat and/or electrical energy |
| mechanical energy | -due to position or movement and gravity -potential if still -kinetic if in motion |
| element | -a pure substance composed of one type of atom -can not be split into simpler substance by ordinary chemical means |
| chemical symbols | -shorthand (abbreviations) for elements -1st letter is uppercase, 2nd is lowercase if there is one |
| metals | -luster(shine) -thermal and electrical conductivity -malleability |
| non-metals | absence of: -luster(shine) -thermal and electrical conductivity -malleability |
| nobel gases | -inert (lacking active properties) -little tendency to react with other elements -on the far right side of periodic table |
| atom | -smallest part of an element that still retains all the chemical properties of that element -has a neutral charge |
| atomic structure | subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons |
| electrons, e- | -negative charge -chemical properties of an atom are due to its electrons -orbit the nucleus, found it the electron cloud, specifically in energy shells |
| protons p+ | -positive charge -held tightly in nucleus |
| neutrons n | -have no charge -held tightly in nucleus |
| electron energy levels | 1-7(quantum #) or k-q |
| electron configuration equation | 2(n squared), n=quantum # |
| atom stability | empty outer shell or fill it |
| atomic # | -# of protons in an atom of an element -(top #) on periodic table |
| mass # (atomic #) | -total # of protons and neutrons -atoms of same element may have different mass # (# of neutrons may vary) |
| neutrons= | atomic mass - atomic number |
| dalton or atomic mass unit (amu) | -standard unit for measurement of atoms and their subatomic particles -1 proton = 1.007 amu (round to 1 amu) -1 neutron = 1.007 amu (round to 1 amu) -1 electron = 0.0005 amu (round to 0 amu) |
| isotope | -atoms of the same element that have the same # of p+'s but different # of n's -atomic mass is different |
| radioisotopes | -unstable isotopes(radioactive) -will decay to a more stable structure -emits radiation (subatomic particles or packets of energy(alpha, beta, or gama rays)) |
| half-life | time required fro half of radioactive atoms in a sample to decay |
| atomic mass | -elements can have differing # of neutrons (isotopes) -Atomic mass # on periodic table is the average of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element |
| Ions | -atom with a charge -unequal # of p+'s and e-'s -ions give up or gain and e- |
| ionization | process of giving up or gaining e-'s |
| molecule | -2 or more atoms of the same or different elements -example-H2O -molecules are uncharged |
| free radicals | -electrically charged atom or group of atoms with unpaired e-'s in outermost shell -become stable by taking or giving e-'s to/from other molecules -may break up important body molecules |
| antioxidant | -substance that inactivates oxygen -can slow the pace of damage due to free radicals |
| compound | -chemical substance that can be broken down into 2 or more elements by ordinary chemical means -most atoms in body are joined into compounds |
| chemical reactions | -combining or breaking apart of atoms -chemical bonds are formed or broken into new products with different properties |
| breaking bonds | -releases energy (hot) - AB = A + B reactants products |
| making bonds | -energy is absorbed (cold) -A + B = AB reactants product |
| valence shell | outermost occupied energy level (1-7) |
| group VIII elements | -elements want to have 8 e-'s in their valence shell (helium is the exception-happy at 2) -elements are very nonreactive and are stable - (noble gases) |
| octet rule | -most atoms reach their most stable state when they have 8 e-'s in their valance shell -when forming compounds, atoms will gain, lose or share electrons so that 8 exist in valence shell of each |
| inert elements | -outer shells are filled -nonreactive -outer shells are filled ex- noble gases |
| chemical bonds | -the method in which matter is held together -atoms of a molecule are held together by forces of attraction (opposites attract) |
| types of chemical bonds | (in order of strength) 1-covalent (very difficult to break) 2-ionic (think of magnet) 3-Hydrogen |
| Ionic bonds | -one atom loses an e-(has a positive charge), one gains an e-(has a negative charge) -held together by attraction of opposites |
| electrolyte | -an ion in a solution -ionic compounds dissociate (break apart) ex- NaCl dissociates into Na+Cl- in solution |
| cation | -positively charged ion -if less than half the valence shell is full, it will tend lose e-'s to achieve happiness (8 in valence) |
| anion | -negatively charged ion -if more than half valence shell is full, it will gain e-'s to achieve happiness |
| covalent bond | -2 atoms share 1, 2 or 3 pairs of e-'s -more common in body than ionic (due to the body being mostly water) TYPES- single, double or triple |
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