5 Written Questions

1. the history of human efforts to accommodate geological observations to their personal religious beliefs
2. Proposed by Lamarck
   Once generated, organisms changed along fixed parallel paths
3. james hutton. forces of nature were uniform, no different in the past than they are today. earths rocks were formed by hear and compaction. same heat forces rocks upward from the sea, following their deposition in orderly layers on the ocean floor.
4. Julius Africanus Drew on the ancient Jewish tradition of the millennium and represented history as a week, in which each day was 1,000 years
5. In a stratigraphic sequence, each layer of rock is younger than the rock it rests upon, and older than the layer of rock that rests upon it

5 Matching Questions

1. catastrophism
2. Sacred Theory of the Earth
3. Neptunism
4. hypothesis
5. control

1. a Burnett
   Strict fundamentalist approach to geology
   Starts by assuming the Earth was created ~ 4,000 BC, dates biblical flood ~ 2400 BC
   Predicted that the next biblical destruction will be a global wildfire
2. b prediction that can be tested by experiment/observation
3. c believed the Earth did not rise from the sea, rather that sea levels had steadily shrunk, gradually exposing land; tried to estimate the age of the Earth by measuring the annual drop in sea level
4. d in an experiment, fixed variables.
5. e The view that most of earth's geological features are the result of large-scale catastrophes such as floods, volcanic eruptions, etc. Geological forces not constant over time.

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. the process in which experts in a given field examine the results and conclusions of a scientist's study before that study is accepted for publication
   1. petrifactions
   2. Mesozoic
   3. peer review
   4. Cenozoic
2. Within any layer of rock (stratum), different types of fossils succeed one another in the same relative order
   1. Principle of Superposition of Strata
   2. Principle of Faunal Succession
   3. Theory of Organic Progression
   4. Principles of Geology
3. reasoning from detailed facts to general principles
   1. control
   2. induction
   3. petrifactions
   4. Neptunism
4. a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world
   1. Paleozoic
   2. control
   3. theory
   4. hypothesis
5. The first caveman (woman) discovered by Buckland wearing jewelry (bones and ornaments) stained red due to mineral leaching.
   1. radioactive half life
   2. Principles of Geology
   3. Chain of Being
   4. Red Witch of Paviland

5 True/False Questions

1. petrifactions → reasoning from detailed facts to general principles

   True        False

2. Chain of Being → Ladder of nature: species were fixed, distinct types, that could be arranged in a linear sequence, like links in a chain

   True        False

3. uniformitarianism → is the idea that the geologic processes that operate today also operated in the past. (Lyell)

   True        False

4. Vulcanism (Plutonism) → believed the Earth did not rise from the sea, rather that sea levels had steadily shrunk, gradually exposing land; tried to estimate the age of the Earth by measuring the annual drop in sea level

   True        False

5. Prodromus → in an experiment, fixed variables.

   True        False