S&F Chapter 6 - The Skeletal System
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Created by:
eves626 on April 5, 2012
Subjects:
Structure and Function of the Body
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92 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Bones | The primary organs of the skeletal system |
| Articulations | Joint |
| Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, Hematopoiesis | What are the functions of the skeletal system |
| Support | Bones form the boy's supporting framework |
| Protection | Hard, bony "boxes" protect delicate structures enclosed within them |
| Movement | Muscle are anchored firmly to bones. As muscles contract and shorten, they pull on bones and thereby move them |
| Storage | Bones play an important part in maintaining homeostatsis of blood calcium, a vital substance required for normal nerve and muscle function. They serve as a safety-deposit box for calcium |
| Hematopoiesis | Blood cell formation |
| Red bone marrow | Soft connective tissue inside the hard walls of some bones |
| Long, short, flat, irregular | There are four major types of bones, classified according to overall structure |
| Sesamoid | Some scientists recognize this type of bones as an additional category |
| Long bone | What type of bone is humerus or arm bone |
| Short bone | What type of bone is carpals or wrist bones |
| Flat bone | What type of bones is frontal or skull bone |
| Irregular bone | What type of bones is vertebrae or spinal bones |
| Sesamoid or round bone | What type of bone is the kneecap |
| Diaphysis | Shaft, hollow tube made of hard, compact bone, hence a rigid and strong structure light enough in weight to permit easy movement |
| Medullary cavity | The hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone; contains soft yellow bone marrow, an inactive, fatty form of marrow found in the adult skeleton |
| Yellow bone marrow | Fatty tissue found inside the medullary cavity of a long bone |
| Epiphyses | Ends of the bone, red bone marrow fills in small spaces in the spongy bone composing the epiphyses |
| Articular cartilage | Think layer of cartilage covering each epiphysis; functions like a small rubber cushion would if it were placed over the ends of bones where they form a joint |
| Periosteum | Strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone everywhere except at join surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage |
| Endosteum | A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity |
| Bone and cartilage | The skeletal system contains two major types of connective tissue |
| Dense bone | Outer layer of bone that is hard and dense; also known as compact bone |
| Spongy bone | Contains many spaces that may be filled with marrow. |
| Trabeculae | The needlelike threads of spongy bone that surround a network of spaces |
| Osteons | Structural unit of compact bone tissue made up of concentric layers (lamellae) of hard bone matrix and bone cells (osteocytes); also called Haversian system |
| Concentric lamella | Ring of calcified matrix surrounding the Haversian canal |
| Osteocytes | Bone cell |
| Lacunae | Space or cavity; contain osteocytes |
| Canaliculi | An extremely narrow tubular passage or channel in compact bone; connect the lacunae with one another and with the central canal in each osteon |
| Cartilage | A specialized, fibrous connective tissue that has the consistency of a firm plastic or gristle-like gel |
| Chondrocytes | Cartilage cell |
| Blood vessels | Cartilage contain no |
| Osteoblasts | Bone-forming cell |
| Osteoclast | Bone-absorbing cell |
| Bone deposition | The stresses placed on certain bones during exercise increase the rate of |
| Endochondral ossification | "formed in cartilage" the process in which most bones are formed from cartilage models |
| Epiphyseal plate | The cartilage plate that is between the epiphysis and the diaphysis and allows growth to occur; sometimes referred to as a growth plate |
| Epiphyseal line | Physicians sometimes use this knowledge to determine whether a child is going to grow anymore. |
| Child's wrist | Where's the location of an x-ray study on a child to determine whether a child is going to grow any more by determining of the epiphyseal plate |
| Axial and appendicular skeleton | The human skeleton has two devisions |
| Axial skeleton | The bones of the head, neck, and torso. Total of 80 bones |
| Appendicular Skeleton | The bones of the upper and lower extremities of the body. Total of 126 bones |
| Cranium | Body vault made up of eight bones that encase the brain |
| Face | Made up of 14 bones |
| Middle ear | Made up of 6 tiny bones |
| Sinuses | Spaces or cavities within some of the cranial bones |
| Paranasal sinuses | Four pairs of sinuses that have openings into the nose |
| Sutures | Immovable joint |
| Sutures | Two parietal bones, which give shape to the bulging topside of the skull, form immovable joints |
| Fontanels | "Soft-spots" on the infant's head; unossified areas in the infant skull. |
| 2 years old | The fontanels eventually fuse to form the immovable joints before at what age |
| Vertebrae | Bones that make up the spinal column |
| Vertebral foramen | The hole in its center of the vertebral |
| Concave curves | The curves of cervical and lumbar |
| Convex curves | The curves of thoracic and sacral |
| Thorax | Twelve pairs of ribs, the sternum, and the thoracic vertebrae form the bony cage known as |
| 126 | Out of 206 bones that form the skeleton as a whole, how many bone are contained in the appendicular subdivision |
| Pectoral girdle | Shoulder girdle; the scapula and clavicle |
| Sternoclavicular joint | The direct point of attachment between the bones of the upper extremity and the axial skeleton |
| Humerus | Is the long bone of the arm and the second longest bone in the body |
| Glenoid cavity | The concavity in the head of the scapula that receives the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint |
| Rotator Cuff | A supporting structure of the shoulder consisting of the muscles and tendons that attach the arm to the shoulder joint and enable the arm to move |
| Olecranon process | The large bony process of the ulna; commonly referred to as the tip of the elbow |
| Olecranon fossa | A large depression on the posterior surface of the humerus |
| Ilium, ischium, pubis | In an infant's body, each coxal bone consists of three separate bones, which are |
| Ilium | The uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis and appears in most |
| Ischium | The lowest of the three major bones that constitute each half of the pelvis |
| Pubis | One of the three sections of the hipbone that forms part of the pelvis |
| Flatfeet | Condition in which the tendons and ligaments of the foot are weak, allowing the normally curved arch to flatten out |
| Sizes | The first noticeable difference between a male and a female skeletons are the |
| Hyoid bone in the neck, to which the tongue anchors | Every bone in the body, except one, connects to at least one another bone |
| Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses | One method classifies joints into three types according to the degree of movement they allow |
| Synarthroses | No movement; a join in which fibrous connective tissue joins bones and holds them together tightly; commonly called sutures |
| Amphiarthroses | Slightly movable joint such as the joint joining the two pubic bones and joints between the bodies |
| Diarthroses | Free movement of joint |
| Joint capsule | Made of the body's strongest and toughest material - fibrous connective tissue - and is lined with a smooth, slippery synovial membrane. It holds the bones securely together but at the same time permits movement at the joint |
| Ligaments | Bone or band connecting two objects; in anatomy a band of white fibrous tissue connecting bones |
| Articular cartilage | Cartilage covering the joint ends of bones; it act like a rubber heal on a shoe - it absorbs joints. It also provides a smooth surface sothe bones of the joint can move with little friction |
| Synovial membrane | Secretes a lubricating fluid (synovial fluid) that allows easier movement with less friction |
| Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, gliding, and condyloid | There are several types of diarthroses |
| Ball and socket | Example of shoulder and hip joints |
| Hinge joints | Allow movements in only two directions, namely flexion and extension. Example are elbows, knee joints and the joints in the fingers |
| Pivot joints | Surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone |
| Saddle joints | The articulating surfaces of these bones are saddle-shapped. Joint between the metacarpal bone of each thumb and a carpal bone of the wrist |
| Gliding joints | Their flat articulating surfaces allow limited gliding movements, such as that at the superior and inferior articulating processes between successive vertebrae; least movable of the diarthrotic joints |
| Condyloid joints | Joints are those in which a condyle (an oval projection) fits into a elliptical socket. An example is the fit of the distal end of the radius into depressions in the carpal bones |
| Elderly white females | Osteoporosis occurs most frequently in |
| Dexterity | The 27 bones in the wrist and the hand allow for more |
| Sacrum | In a child, there are five of these bones. In an adult, they are fused into one |
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