| Term | Definition |
|---|
| crusaders | Christian warriors sent to regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims that controlled |
| Vasco De Gama | A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean |
| Treaty of Tordesaillas | Pope draws line of Demarcation (Bull) splits up exploration for Portugal and Spain |
| Ponce De Leon | Explored Florida looking for the Fountain of Youth- wanted Gold and Silver - DISCOVERS NOTHING OF SIGNIFICANCE |
| Hernando Cortes | conquers Mexico and finds Aztecs- THEY WERE USING MERCANTILISM |
| Incas | leader is held hostage by PIZARRO they have to fill up room w/ wealth or leader dies - leader converted to Christianity and was then hung |
| Walter Raleigh | on his own money sent over 108 people to Roanoke to start a colony |
| Spanish Armada | the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588 |
| Jamestown | on the James River- JOHN SMITH institutes military discipline "no work, not eat" - resupply ship comes bringing 2 women, 4 poles -DIFFERENT FROM ENGLISH B/C BRINING DIVERSITY- no prosperous - INTRODUCTION OF PRIVATE PROPERTY, HEADRIGHT, INDENTURED SERVANTS - made by joint-stock - House of Burgesses - low life expectancy starts as CHARTER --- ROYAL |
| cash crop | a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco) |
| George Calvert | Started a colony that becam a safe haven for catholics "Lord Baltimore" |
| Proprietary Colonies | an individual/ group is given a land grant- they are granted right to gvern and decide how land is divided |
| predestination | previous determination as if by destiny or fate |
| Anglican Church | the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs) |
| Pilgrims | aka. separatists or nonconformists - leave England from Mayflower... own private property - were at first in Netherlands but left thought they were becoming "Dutchified" - work 7 years in America and give back food |
| John Winthrop | leader of puritans - vistion for Mass. Bay "city on a hill" build on chritstian community- that would shame Catholic Church example of how you should live |
| John Cotton | prominent Mass minister, believed that only the spiritual "elect" should have any authority, to become "elect" they have a conversion experience, caused dissension in colony and would eventually lead to the founding of new colonies |
| Anne Hutchinson | critical of mass. bay leadership - said some visible saints were fakers - belived in ANTI-NOMINALISM - if you had a converson you don't have to listen to other leaders - RHODE ISLAND |
| Fundamental Orders | 1st constitution in colonies (set up a government) - they have a general court (representative assembly) - governor has no veto power (1 term) -SHOWS DISTRUST OF HAVING ONE PERSON HAVING POWER |
| New England Confederation | 1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies. |
| Dominion of New England | In 1686, New England, in conjunction with New York and New Jersey, consolidated under the royal authority -- James II. Charters and self rule were revoked, and the king enforced mercantile laws. The new setup also made for more efficient administration of English Navigation Laws, as well as a better defense system. The Dominion ended in 1688 when James II was removed from the throne. |
| Trade and Navigation Acts | series of laws passed by england's parliament to regulate trade in colonies and ensured a favorable balance of trade for england |
| indentured servants | People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free. |
| patroonship system | established by Dutch- every 50 people, you get 16 miles of Hudson riverfront for as far back as you could control (MANORS) |
| Quakers | English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania |
| Middle Passage | a voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies |
| Marco Polo | Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade. |
| Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. (p. 425) |
| Vasco Balboa | Pacific Ocean- discovered the "ismisa panama" (Panama canal) - EASY WAY TO GET THROUGH NORTH AMERICA- calls it the "South Sea" |
| Francisco Coronado | Southwestern US- DISCOVERS NOTHING OF SIGNIFANCE , 16th century Spanish explorer who was the first European to discover the Grand Canyon |
| Francisco Pizarro | defeated the Incas because of their wealth |
| Francis Drake | a seadog was hired by Raleigh to check in on Roanoke- he took them back to England b/c they were unhappy- started another colony- no one checked in- SALUTARY NEGLECT b/c of war w/ Spain- lost colony- first english to sail around world- San Francisco Bay |
| Elizabeth I | Reestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada. |
| Enclosure movement | The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. |
| John Smith | English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia |
| Starving time | Jamestown winter of 1609 and 1610 |
| Act of Toleration | Maryland- anyone that belived in trinity |
| royal colonies | King retains right to govern and decide how land is divided |
| John Calvin | French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion |
| Visible saints | in Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives. |
| Henry VIII | converted England from Catholic to Anglican |
| Puritans | did not tolerate religious freedom- Quakers were persecuted- believe in profit motive (to an extent) - not all are equal- profit motive has to be limited |
| Mayflower Compact | pilgrims signed it- MAJORITY RULE |
| Great Puritan Migration | 120,000 Puritans leave England - more than 15,000 in Mass. Bay |
| "City on a Hill" | John Winthrop |
| Protestant work ethic | "an hour's idelness is an hour's drunkenness" |
| Roger WIlliams | English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism |
| Seperation of Church and State | The concept that religion and government should remain seperate. The principle is the basis for the establishment clause of the First Amendment. |
| John Mason | One of the founders of New Hampshire |
| Edmund Andros | headed the Dominion of New England |
| Glorious Revolution | A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. |
| New Sweden | Delaware |
| "The Holy Experiment" | William Penn- Pennsylvania |
| slave codes | laws in the southern states that controlled enslaved people |
| Bartholomeau Dias | Portugal- goes to Cape of Good Hope- went around bottom of africa- FINDS A ROUTE AROUND AFRICA |
| Christopher Columbus | ~made excessive demands- wanted to go east to get to Asia ~farthest you could go is 2400 miles- he knew that ~Aug 3 1492 departure ~Oct 12 discovers land- names Native Amerians Indians b/c he thought he was off the coast of Asia- ~crashes Santa Maria on reef of DR- calls it NAVIDAD ~establishes trading post, goes back to spain ~1493 goes back 17 ships... it was gone~ made 4 voyages, on 4th finds "New World" - publicizes it, but dies unsuccessful |
| Ferdinand Magellan | first person credited with going around the world- names Pacific Ocean "pacific" -misses every island on the way to Philipines, runs out of supplies, dies 18 make it back- THIS IS A STUPID WAY TO GET TO ASIA FOCUS ON NORTH AMERICA |
| Hernando de Soto | Southeastern US - find Mississippi River - FINDS NOTHING OF SIGNIFICANCE |
| Aztecs | were autocratic- dictatorial- had a lot of wealth - suppressed, rebellions, lower tribes didn't like them - CORTES DEFEATS THEM |
| Humphrey Gilbert | English navigator who in 1583 established in Newfoundland the first English colony in North America (1539-1583) |
| Protestant Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches |
| Joint Stock Company | To not lose money, England decided to use this to fund colonies- selling stock to investors- limited liability |
| John Rolfe | He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. |
| House of Burgesses | JAMESTOWN- political freedom- 1st representative assembly |
| Charter Colonies | granted a charter (MASS, CONN. RI)- they can make laws for themselves, people of colony govern and decide, now land is divided |
| James Oglethorpe | Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor. |
| Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. |
| Salvation by faith | Luther's doctrine that salvation is achieved by faith alone |
| Church of England | Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife |
| Separatists | People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims. |
| William Bradford | Plymouth colony - never prospers - wrote a history of Plymouth - convicted of buggary |
| Theocracy | the belief in government by divine guidance |
| General Court | a Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's |
| "Blue laws" | laws that are designed to enforce church teachings |
| Thomas Hooker | founded Connecticut |
| Ferdinando Gorges | founder of New Hampshire |
| King Philip's War | 1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion., also known as the 7 years war |
| Mercantilism | A set of economic principles based on policies which stress government regulation of economic activities to benefit the home country. |
| Headright system | Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. |
| Peter Stuyvesant | The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664. |
| William Penn | founded Pennsylvania- Quaker- didn't believe in hierarchy - establishes Pennsylvania as "holy experiment" - complete religious freedom- sep of c and s- most liberal - advertised to Europe to bring small religous groups in Germany - PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH- prospers |
| Bacon's Rebellion | A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land |
| Triangular Trade Routes | the routes connecting England, the English colonies in North America, and the west coast of Africa. |
| Plantation system | A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor. |
| township system | NE- towns 6 mi square- formed by general court (legistlative) in the cetner VILLAGE GREEN , dominate building (meeting house/church) houeses around it, (to be able to monitor behavior) - high population density--- PUBLIC EDUCATION, TRADE- Harvard- train ministers- had to be able to read bible- apprenticeship system- send kids out- dame schools- younger kids learn household skills- puritan dominates (congregational) - farmland behind houses- COMMON MEADOWS, COMMON WOODLAND |
| public education | in NE.. made possible because of homogeneity and high population density |
| parochial education | private religious schools, diverse religions- preacher/teacher, church/schoolhouse |
| old field schools | Schools out in the fiedl |
| revolution | the overthrow of a government by those who are governed |
| evolution | a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) |
| Harvard College | was first established to train ministers |
| William and Mary | King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders. |
| town meetings | A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws. |
| half-way covenant | A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations. |
| Salem witch trials | Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake. |
| Pennsylvania Dutch | Known as large numbers of German speaking protestants. They were called this because people coundn't pronounce the word Deutsch, which means German. |
| Mass. School Laws of 1642-1647 | for every town of 50 families, a teacher had to be provided , every 100 families, teacher and school house |
| Paxton Boys | They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina. |
| French Huguenots | from edict of nantes- they are non catholics(?) came to Sc, one group of Puritan American settlers who were Calvinists |
| Regulators | This name applies to several groups of insurgents who, in 1764, wanted to protect the rights of their community. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists. |
| social mobility | a change in position within the social hierarchy |
| artisans | skilled workers |
| social stratification | the condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group |
| yeoman farmers | farmers that own their own land |
| fall line | a boundary in the eastern United States where the higher land of the Piedmont drops to the lower Atlantic coastal plain |
| naval stores | products used to build ships |
| Congregational Church | a Protestant denomination holding that each individual congregation should be self-governing |
| Great Awakening | resulted from people slacking in religions- JOHNATHON EDWARDS- classic sermon and GEORGE WHITEFIELD- had an appeal to emotion rather than reason; divides religious denomination b/w rational and emtional - brought along new donominations , fresh interest, R.F., Sep of C and S- QUESTIONING OF AUTHORITY , advances education |
| Jonathon Edwards | sinners in the hands of an angry god- great awakening |
| George Whitefield | appeals to FRONTIER- spoke to crowds of 20,000 people loved him |
| John Peter Zenger | Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty. |
| Iroquois | the tribe who allied with the British in the French and Indian War |
| old lights | rational thinking in great awakening |
| new lights | emotional thinking |
| Benjamin West | Benjamin West was an Anglo-American painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American War of Independence. Significance- He became the second president of the Royal Academy (1738-1820) |
| John Singleton Copley | American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815) |
| Phyllis Wheatley | first African american poet, sold into slavery, raised and educated in her family, household servant |
| Benjamin Franklin | Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. |
| Samuel de Champlain | He is best known for discovering two of the Great Lakes |
| buffer colony | Georgia- buffered and protected SC from FL |
| Who had a monopoly of trade in the Meditteranean? | Italy- Others wanted to get away from this by finding a water route to Asia |
| What 4 things lead to people wanting to explore? | 1. Rise of Middle Class- they invested $ in voyages 2. technological advances - 1454 invention of printing press (MAPS) Gutenburg. 3. Renaissance -outward looking 4. Missionary Zeal- Protestant Reformation- wanted to convert others |
| Portugal Exploration | ~first country to start exploring ~were well positioned ~late 15th century, they land in Africa ~Prince Henry the Navigator wanted to find a water route to Asia |
| Cabesa de vaca | ship wrecked on Florida - wanders 7 years before he gets back to Mexico- encounters buffalo- FINDS NOTHING OF SIGNIFICANCE |
| John Cabott | comes from England- Newfoundland- fish were so thick you couldn't sail through- discovered GRAND BANKS- NO NEED TO COLONIZE |
| Spain is strongest naval power in the world until.... | defeat of the Spanish Armada |
| Cartier | discovered St. Lawrence River - takes back 10 shiploads of fool's gold- FURS- don't make settlement |
| England wants to start colonies because... | they're overpopulated |
| Colonies exist for... | the good of their mother country |
| Reasons Jamestown Survived | 1. Cash crop - tobacco- JOHN ROLFE- married Pocahontas- goes tobacco mad 2. Private property- 1617 HEADRIGHT SYSTEM you get 50 acres for every person you bring 3. 1619 political freedom- HOUSE OF BURGESSES- representative assembly- "rights of Englishmen" 4. Sex - they advertised in London for women to go to America for mating |
| First Black Africans were in... | Jamestown - unsure if they were slaves or indentured servants |
| Why didn't people like the Anglican Church? | it remained close to Catholic |
| Anglicans really didn't like... | Pilgrims |
| James I and Charles I wanted | Pilgrims to conform themselves |
| Puritists | thought Anglican could be purified - they didn't like monarchy |
| Savanto | greets Pilgrims in English |
| Beginning of English Civil War | Puritans start to gain control of Parliament- Charles dissolves Parliament |
| Puritan exploration | ORGANIZED EXPLORATION - they made perparations (400 people) |
| Massachusetts Bay Colony | inhabited by English Puritans - CHARTER (self government) - made b/c conflict with Charles I and Anglicans- dissolved parliament - civil war- salutary neglect - PROSPEROUS- Great Puritan migration- their charter does not specify where annual meeting is held- Bible commonwealth- visible saints could vote- GENERAL COURT (legistlative) - not religous tolerance- doens't believe equal- homogeneous |
| Connecticut | founded by poeple unhappy w/ Mass. Bay maybe b/c of religous diff. or b/c fertile soil - THOMAS HOOKER- Fundamental Orders of Conn. (first constitution) putting power in legislative branch - DISTRUST OF AUTHORITY- "The Constitution State" |
| Rhode Island | settled by people unhappy w/ mass. bay. founder- ROGER WILLIAMS -Puritan minister had different ideas banished - wanted SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE FREEDOM OF RELIGION no religous qualification for voting - one of the most free colonies "Rogue's Island" |
| New Hampshire | proprietary- John Mason |
| Samuel Grotten | also banished to Rhode island - complete religious freedom |
| salutary neglect | England doesn't monitor colonies in the way a mercantilistic place should |
| Bible of Commonwealth | the function of the state is to enforce religious teachings- EVERYTHING IS PURITAN |
| Anti-nominalism | you don't have to do something if you think it's against God |
| New England | MA CT RI NH - HOMOGENEOUS |
| Middle Colonies | NY NJ PA DE MD - VERY DIVERSE |
| Southern Colonies | VA NC SC GA |
| Chespeake | VA MD- NO MIDDLE CLASS (indentured servants) |
| Breadbasket | MD AND PENN and NJ |
| Maryland | proprietary colony - LORD BALTIMORE (George Calvert) - safe haven for CATHOLICS - lots of religious tension- set up MANORS -have to pay quitrent (yearly land tax) - doesn't work b/c there's too much free land = LIGHTEN Up - Toleration Acts (Christian) - House of Delegates - has a lot of indentured servants - doesn't have MIDDLE CLASS - mixed economy - tobacco, cash crops, fishing |
| freedom dues | indentured servants gained them so they wouldn't cause trouble- LANDLESS RABBLE |
| Restoration Colonies | middle colonies except MD- CHarles II incurred debts- to pay off debts they started proprietorships |
| New Netherlands (NYC) | Dutch - NYC - cosmopolitan, arbitrary gov. Peter Stuy. (not liked) - Charles II takes NYC gives it to Duke (James II) PROPRIETARY -----ROYAL - Anglican but has religous tolerance |
| New Jersey | Duke of York gives it to his friends- Dutch, Puritans, diverse, farming community |
| Pennsylvania | WILLIAM PENN- very liberal - small religious groups complete religious tolerance- haven for QUAKERS- moved by "inner light" to speak - has a treaty with the Indians |
| subsistance farmers | grow to survive |
| Delaware | New Sweden - bought by Penn (same characteristics) - very diverse, liberal |
| NC | doesn't prosper at first - settled by discontented |
| SC | prospers around Charleston (rice and indigo) - settled by English from WEst Indies - BLACK MAJORITY, FEAR OF SLAVE REBELLIONS- slavery harsher and more prominent- French Huguenots- Charleston is a major port |
| Stono Rebellion | first black rebellion- try to get out of SC to FL -no success |
| Georgia | JAMES OGLETHORPE- philantrhopist- wanted to help debtors CHARTER----20 YEARS---- ROYAL - buffer- banned alchy and slavery |
| Frederick Jackson Turner | wrote "turner thesis" aka "frontier thesis" siad the way you understand American history is to understand that there was always free/cheap land - been proved wrong |
| London Aristocracy | When you die, eldest son gets land and he can't sell it- Americans had the opporunity to do the opposite |
| Middle settlement | DIVERSE- low density, large farms, parochial education, religion is very important to religions themselves, but there's so many it's not as important , diverse economy |
| Southern settlement | Plantation system - partly b/c of headright system- density is lower - education is not as valued- subsistance farmers- private tutors- apprenticeship is less important - Anglican, but not important- circuit preachers- county system of gov. - cash crop (unstable economy) - social mobility is based on wealth , tide water aristocracy, old field education, religoius freedom b/c you can't be monitored |
| Tide Water Aristocracy | plantation owners are government -rivers are affected by tides, (near ocean) educated, own land, have time to leave and engage in gov. |
| Puritanism | has a dramatic impact- NE grows, so people are trying to look elsewhere - trade with other colonies -Charlestown |
| Calvinism | original sin (born evil) - saved by faith alone , objected to Catholics, predestination, you get to vote if you are a visible saint, congreagtion hires and fires, gives people a sense of power |
| Homogeneity beginning to breakdown | original puritans had all felt persecution by king, so people didn't have common suffering- you have to bear your soul in public for conversion, profit motive starts to overshadow conversion, breakdown of township system, buying other land, salem witch trials , becoming tolerant of other religions, half-way covenant , sanctity of contract |
| task system | individual slaves were given a certain task to complete- they would be hired out, growing ood |
| gang system | Hollywood version- groups are marched out- perform same task all day |
| frontier | heterogeneous, nationalistic (had more in common with each other than with others in the colony in whose political boundaires they resided) , subsistance, don't function well in structured society, great social mobility, political-out, self government, DEBTORS, |
| eastern | CREDITORS, class distinction more important, more homogeneous, political-in |
| Bacon's Rebellion caused by.. | East doesn't want to give money to defend against Indians |
| Social Pyramid | aristocrats, lesser professional men( middle class) , yoemen farmers, lesser tradesmen, indentured servants and jailbird, slaves |
| Queen Anne's War | war of spanish succession- told anglo-americans that they were weak- destroyed mass. ad maine |
| robert de la salle | fur trading |
| King WIllaim's War | Leage of Augsburg - against Lous XIV |
| Scotch-Irish | people from Ireland- descendants of Scottish Presbyterians who had previously sought economic opportunity in northern Ireland |
| Marquis De Montcalm | French commander- lost his success and life at Battle of Quebec defeated by JAMES WOLFE |
| Jeffrey Amherst | captured Fort Duquesne and Lousburg - refused to distribute food (BRITHIS) |
| James Wolfe | defeated Montcalm |
| Pontiac's Rebellion | indian thing against British - sacked eight British forts near the great lakes and besieged those a pittsburg and detroit |
| Huron | Wyandotte indians - republican style gov. |
| King George's War | war of austrian succession - ended in treaty of aix-la-chapelle |
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