1.
"Paris is worth a Mass.": Henry of Navarre declared this when converting to catholicism as to save France from further economic destruction.
2.
30 years war: Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part.
3.
95 Theses: written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences
4.
Anabaptists: A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.
5.
Anglican: English protestants belonging to the Church of England, established as result of HVIII's Act of Supremacy. Anglican church still had many traditions of R.Ch. including hierarchy of bishops and use of ceremony and ornamentation, etc.
6.
Benefices: This was when the Church gave land to a person, to keep until they died, as a reward for some kind of service. The Church of England kept this practice, but other Protestants got ended it.
7.
Cathrine De Medici: Wife of Henry II. Powerful queen of France who ruthlessly played the Huguenots and Guises against each other to expand influence.
8.
Charles V: Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
9.
Council of Trent: Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
10.
Counter- Reformation: the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)
11.
Defenestration of Prague: The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War.
12.
Diet of Worms: Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.
13.
Edict of Nantes: 1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants
14.
Guises: A powerful family in eastern France who lobbied to control the country following the unfortunate death of Charles V and his sickly son in 1560. The Guises had major influence through the Catholic hierarchy of cardinals and bishops. They supported the Catholics in order to keep their political power.
15.
Henry VIII: English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)
16.
Huguenots: French Protestants
17.
Ignatious Loyola: organized the Society of Jesus, a new order of Jeuits. He taught to submit to Church authority and spiritual direction
18.
John Calvin: French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion
19.
John Tetzel: Archbishop Albert hired John Tetzel to sell indulgences to the people. Tetzel even made up an advertising scheme for the sale of indulgences. He drew up a chart with the prices for the forgiveness of sins. (p.456)
20.
Martin Luther: a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
21.
Peace of Augsburg: 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
22.
Peace of Westphalia: Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War (1648) and readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe.
23.
Peasant's Revolt 1524-1525: - Luther did not support this revolt, so he lost their support
- 100,000 killed, 50,000 homeless, diseased or famished
- Caused by oppression and poverty
- Caused religious warfare (church tried to reconcile)
24.
Phillip II: King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.
25.
Reformation Parliament: Used by Henry VIII to end pope's power in England, make him head of church and to grant him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.
26.
Spanish Armada: the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.
27.
Spanish Netherlands: Seventeen provinces, (Belgium, Modern Netherlands, Luxemborg) which are basically the Low Countries. They are called low be cause they are below sea level, the are surrounded by dikes and wind mills.
28.
Spiritual Exercises: During a year of intense prayer, St. Ignatius was inspired to write this guide for spiritual perfection, which is divided into reflections and meditations meant to help the believer emulate Christ.
29.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: This was the massacre that occurred during the wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot that would resolve the conflict between the two conflicting parties, resulted in the death of over 10,000 protestants
30.
Supremacy Act: Who: Henry VIII Where: England When: 1534 What: declared the king supreme head of the Church of England Why: so the King could grant himself an annulment Significance: this increased the power of the English monarch and decreased the influence of Rome. It was repealed in 1554 by Mary I and then reinstated by Elizabeth I.
31.
Swiss Civil Wars: Began October 1531
Between Swiss Protestants and Catholics
Zwingli killed
*Provided an early indication of what religious passions would eventually lead to.
-Violent and decision by force
32.
The Book of Common Prayer: A book written by Thomas Cranmer that had all the songs, poems, prays, etc. that were said in the Church of England. This book was written in English so everyone in England can participate in the church.
33.
Thomas More: English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded
34.
Transubtantiation: The Change of the substance of bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ with only the accidents of bread anf wine remaining, controversial issue between during the reformation era.
35.
United Netherlands: Province who practiced religious toleration, and was a republic who had an elected governor whose power depended on the support of merchants and landholders.
