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all algae are photosynthetic brown, red, & some green algae are multicellular eukaryotes cell walls comprised of cellulose in dinoflagellates green and brown algae chlorophylls "a &b" are found in green algae, euglenoids, and a few dinoflagellates land plants evolved from a green algal ancestor characteristics plants and protists share green algae (charophytes) who are the closest relatives of land plants rose shaped complxes for cellulose synthesis peroxisome enzymes similar structure of flagellated sperm formation of a phragmoplast what traits make charophytes the closest relatives of land plants minimize the loss of organic products as a result of photorespiration what is the function of peroxisome enzymes aligns cell elements across midline of dividing cell function of phragmoplast unfiltered sunlight abundance of CO2 soil rich in nutrients fewer herbivores, pathogens or competition advantages of terrestrial lifestyle apical meristems alteration of generations multicellular gametangia produce gametes multicellular plant embryos develop zygotes that are retained in the female parent tissues the cells of the sporophyte are diploid & produce spores through meiosis five derived traits of land plants (absent in charophyceans) waxy cutcile secreted by epidermis secondary metabolites: toxic, unpalatable, or indigestible chemicals additional derived traits of land plants nonvascular plants small sized plants has 3 phyla bryophytes in general liverworts, hornworts, mosses 3 phyla of bryophytes hepatophyta liverworts anthocerophyta hornworts bryophyta mosses absence of vascular tissue (nonvascular) & roots small plants: only a few cells thick restricted to moist habitats rhizoids provide anchorage gametophytes are dominant sporophytes is transient: depends on gametophyte nutrition bryophyte phyla produce sperm (1n) antheridia produce eggs (1n) archegonia water assists in transferring of sperm to archegonia embryo--> sporophyte (2n) atop--> embryo (2n) moss life cycle lycophyta & pterophyta 2 major phyla of vascular plants spike mosses, quillworts, club mosses phylum lycophyta horstails, ferns, wisk ferns phylum pterophyta has vascular tissue for transport of water, nutrients, & sugars xylem & phloem sporophyte dominant and independent gametophyte inconspicous roots & leaves seedless vascular plants conducts water and minerals xylem conducts photosynthesis phloem anchor, absorb, store function of roots small w/ a single vein (lycophytes) microphyll highly branched vascular system megaphyll modified leaves that bear sporangia sporophyll single type of sporangium male & female on same gamteophyte homosporous bisexual gametophyte bisexual spores produce 2 types of sporangia on different sporophylls separate male & female gametophyte heterospores heterospores all seed plants and a few seedless plants are megasporangium--megaspore--female gametophyte megasporophyll microsporangium--microspore--male gametophyte microsporophyll fertilization--zygote (2n)--embryo(2n)--sporophyte (2n) grows from archegonium fern life cycle