AP US History Chapter 18: The Growth of Cities and American Culture 1865-1900
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82 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Columbian Exposition | Chicago, showed progress of American civilization represented by new industrial technologies, architects' grand vision for new urban environment, |
| Chicago | "White City" had attracted millions of people in Midwest, huge urban structures, huge central business district, steel-framed skyscrapers, department stores, theaters, etc., gray city of pollution, poverty, and crime, foreign-born people, represented complex ways America had been affected by industrialization |
| Pushes | negative factors from which people are fleeing, including poverty of farm workers driven from lands, overcrowding and unemployment in European cities, religious persecution like the Jews in Russia |
| Pulls | positive attractions of the adopted country, country's reputation for political and religious freedom and the economic opportunities afforded by the settling of the Great Plains and abundance of industrial jobs, large steamships and inexpensive steerage rates |
| Old Immigrants | overwhelming majority of immigrants came from Northern and Western Europe, British Isles, Germany, Protestants who spoke English and had high levels of literacy and occupational skills, were able to blend in |
| New Immigrants | southern and eastern Europe, Italians, Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, Poles, Russians, poor and illiterate peasants, left autocratic countries and were unaccustomed to democracy, newcomers were Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Jewish, most crowded into poor ethnic neighborhoods, |
| "Birds of Passage" | young men contracted for unskilled factory, mining, and construction jobs, would return to native lands once they had money saved |
| Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi | French sculptor who created the Statue of Liberty |
| Restricting Immigration | Chinese Exclusion Act, restrictions on "undesirable persons", 1885 law prohibiting contract labor in order to protect American workers, Ellis Island in 1892 led to more rigorous immigration restrictions, DIDNT STOP FLOW OF IMMIGRANTS |
| Advocates of Immigration Restriction | labor unions who feared immigrants would be used to break strikes, nativist society, Social Darwinists |
| American Protective Association | nativist society openly prejudiced against Roman Catholics |
| Urbanization | occurred alongside industrialization, cities provided central supply of labor for factories, principal market for goods, millions left the farms for the cities |
| Urban Transportation | transportation made cities possible, electric trolleys, elevated railroads, subways, could transport people longer distances to their jobs, Brooklyn Bridge made longer commutes, segregated |
| Streetcar Cities | cities in which people lived in residences many miles from their jobs and commuted in streetcars, segregated urban workers by income |
| Skyscrapers | increasing land values dictated building up instead of out, huge structures made possible by Otis elevator and central heating system |
| William Le Baron Jenny | built the first true skyscraper with a steel skeleton, Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago |
| Ethnic Neighborhoods | poor moved into small, windowless rooms in the city, 4,000 people living on one city block, terrible living conditions, NYC passed law requiring each bedroom to have a window, overcrowding and filth |
| Dumbbell Tenements | ventilation shafts in the center of the building to provide windows for each room |
| Ghettos | crowded, unhealthy, crime-ridden neighborhoods serving as springboards for ambitious and hard-working immigrants |
| Causes of Suburbs | many of American's wealthiest lived outside the city walls, abundant land available at low cost, inexpensive rail transportation, low-cost construction methods, ethnic prejudice, American fondness for grass and privacy |
| Frederick Law Olmsted | designed a suburban community with graceful curved roads and open spaces, "village in the park" |
| Public City | at first city residents did not expect public services, but they could not deal effectively with waste, pollution, and disease, slowly convinced governments of need for water purification, etc. |
| Political Machines | tightly organized groups of politicians, each had a boss who gave orders to rank and file and appointed jobs, power centers to coordinate needs of the people, asked for peoples' votes, brought modern services to cities, would find jobs and apartments for immigrants, stole millions from taxpayers |
| Tammany Hall | New York City political machine |
| Henry George | published "Progress and Poverty", proposed placing a single tax on land as a solution to poverty, succeeded in calling attention to growing inequalities |
| Edward Bellamy | wrote "Looking Backward, 2000-1887", envisioned a future era in which a cooperative society in which poverty, greed, and crime had been eliminated |
| Settlement Houses | number young men and women settled into immigrant neighborhoods to learn about problems of families, hoped to relieve the effects of poverty by provided social services |
| Hull House | started by Jane Addams, taught English to immigrants, pioneered early childhood education, industrial arts, music schools, etc. |
| Jane Addams | established Hull House |
| Social Gospel | number of Protestant clergymen supported the cause of the urban poor, applying Christian principles to social problems, led by Walter Rauschenbusch, urged organized religion to take on cause of social justice |
| Walter Rauschenbusch | New York minister who led the Social Gospel movement in Hell's Kitchen |
| Religion | religions found the need to adapt to challenges of modern life, Roman Catholics gained in numbers |
| James Gibbons | Cardinal in Baltimore who inspired support of immigrants by defending Knights of Labor |
| Dwight Moody | Moody Bible Institute founded in Chicago in 1889, would help generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity to city life |
| Salvation Army | imported from England, provided basic necessities of life for the homeless and poor |
| Mary Baker Eddy | taught good health was result of thinking about "Father Mother God", Church of Christ, Science |
| Families in Cities | urban life placed strains on parents and children, isolated from extended family, divorce rates increased, reduction in family size because children were no longer economic assets |
| National American Woman Suffrage Association | founded by Stanton and Anthony, intended secure vote of women |
| Wyoming | first state to grant full suffrage to women |
| Women's Christian Temperance Union | formed in 1874, advocated total abstinence from alcohol, leadership of Frances Willard, founded on belief poverty was caused by male drinking |
| Frances E. Willard | leader of the WCTU from Illinois |
| Antisaloon League | founded in 1893 became a powerful political force, had convinced 21 states to close down all saloons and bars |
| Carry A. Nation | created a sensation by raiding saloons and smashing barrels of beer with a hatchet |
| Comstock Law | prohibited the mailing or transportation of obscene and lewd material and photographs |
| Public Schools | promoted traditional values in standard texts, compulsory laws increased number of children enrolled, 90% literacy rates, kindergarten, tax-supported high schools ncreased |
| Morrill Acts | act giving land grants to colleges to form |
| Higher Education | land grant colleges, private universities, new colleges for women like Smith and Bryn Mawr, Johns Hopkins specialized in graduate studies, emphasized research, etc., first generation of scholars equipped to compete with Europe |
| Charles W. Eliot | 1869 Harvard president who reduced the number of required courses and introduced electives to accommodate teaching of language and sciences |
| Richard T. Ely | attacked laissez-faire economic thought as dogmatic and out-dated |
| Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. | taught that law should evolve with the times in response to changing needs and not remain restricted by legal precedents and judicial decisions of the past |
| Clarence Darrow | argued that criminal behavior could be caused by a person's environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | leading black intellectual, first African-American to receive doctorate from Harvard, advocated full equal rights for blacks, integrated schools, equal access to higher education, "TALENTED TENTH" |
| Realism and Naturalism | movement in the 19th century depicted life-like events, also described how emotions and experience shaped human experience |
| Bret Harte | depicted life in the rough mining camps of the west |
| Mark Twain | first great realist novel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn |
| William Dean Howells | considered the problems of industrialization and unequal wealth in his novels "The Rise of Silas Lapham" and "A Hazard of New Fortunes" |
| Stephen Crane | "Maggie: A Girl of the Streets" and "Red Badge of Courage" |
| Jack London | portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization in novels like "The Call of the Wild" |
| Theodore Dreiser | wrote "Sister Carrie" that caused a sensation and shocked the moral sensibilities of the time |
| Painting | some painters continued with romantic ideas, others remained with realism |
| Winslow Homer | American painter of seascapes and watercolors, often rendered scenes of nature in a matter-of-fact way |
| Thomas Eakins | specialized in painting scenes of everyday lives of working-class |
| James McNeill Whistler | painted "Arrangement in Grey and Black", study of color influenced development of modern art |
| Mary Cassatt | spend much time in France where she learned the techniques of impressionism |
| Ashcan School | group of social realists pained scenes of everyday life in poor neighborhoods |
| Henry Hobson Richardson | changed direction of American architecture, Romanesque designs, have gravity and stateliness to functional buildings |
| Louis Sullivan | rejected historic styles in quest for a tall, steel-framed office building, achieved aesthetic unity, "form follows function" |
| Frank Lloyd Wright | architect who developed "organic style", exemplified in prairie houses, became most famous architect |
| Daniel H. Burnham | revived classical Greek and Roman architecture in his designs for Columbian Exposition |
| Frederick Law Olmsted | specialized in planning of city parks and scenic boulevards, Central Park and US Capitol |
| Music | growth of cities brought demand for musical performances, symphony orchestras, opera houses |
| Jelly Roll Morton and Buddy Bolden | African-American musicians who introduced America to jazz |
| Scott Joplin | sold millions of copies of his sheet music "Maple Leaf Rag", king of ragtime |
| New York World | newspaper by Joseph Pulitzer, achieved success by filling with stories or crimes and disasters |
| William Randolph Hearst | pushed scandal and sensationalism in the newspaper business |
| Magazines | increasingly popular and numerous, Ladies' Home Journal, etc. |
| Amusements | gradual reduction in working hours, promotional billboards, improved transportation, decline of Puritan values, led to drinking at saloons, theaters for comedy shows, vaudeville with variety of appeal to urban amsses |
| Barnum and Bailey | "Greatest Show on Earth" circus |
| William F. Cody | "Buffalo Bill" Wild West show, headlining personalities like Sitting Bull and Annie Oakley |
| Spectator Sports | baseball, football, basketball, boxing, professional boxing, Taft started tradition of throwing first pitch, basketball invented in Massachusetts, first college football, "bachelor subculture" |
| Amateur Sports | sports gained currency as form of exercise, croquet, bicycling, golf and tennis, rich athletic clubs, discrimination kept them out |
| The Melting Pot | Israel Zangwill, portrayed America as a land of mixing all different races into a single culture |
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