APII_25_Urinary System
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112 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Creatinine | A protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine |
| Glucose | Not normally found in the urine |
| Na+ | Its reabsorption occurs with K+ efflux |
| Urea | A detoxified ammonia compound |
| Uric acid | A nitrogen waste product from RNA metabolism |
| Juxtaglomerular cells | Specialized baroreceptors (mechanoreceptor |
| Juxtamedullary nephrons | Long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla |
| Macula densa cells | Specialized chemoreceptors |
| Fibrous capsule | Prevents infection from other areas spreading to kidney |
| Renal fascia | Anchors kidneys |
| Renal medulla | Composed of cone-shaped, dark-red masses |
| Renal cortex | Light tan in appearance and just deep to the capsule |
| Minor calyces | Small cup-shaped structures at the apex of the renal pyramids |
| Renal pelvis | Flat funnel-shaped tube that enters into the ureter |
| Glomerulus | Large knot of capillaries at the beginning of the nephron |
| Renal corpuscle | The capillary pores of the glomerulus |
| Fenestrae | The capillary pores of the glomerulus |
| Podocytes | Specialized, branched epithelial cells that cling to the glomerulus |
| Proximal convoluted tubule | Primary site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption |
| Descending limb | The major substance reabsorbed here is water by osmosis. |
| Ascending limb | Sodium is reabsorbed actively in this region. |
| Distal convoluted tubule | Sodium and water are reabsorbed under hormonal influence in this region. |
| Glomerular hydrostatic pressure | The force of blood against the walls of the glomerular capillaries |
| Colloid osmotic pressure | Force that pulls fluid back into the glomerulus from the capsular space |
| Capsular hydrostatic pressure | Pressure exerted by fluid in the glomerular capsule against the fluids coming out of the glomerulus. |
| Net filtration pressure | The sum of all the pressures that act at the level of the glomerulus; responsible for the formation of filtrate |
| Myogenic mechanism | Afferent arterioles constrict in response to a rise in blood pressure, thus restricting the flow of blood into the glomerulus |
| Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism | A drop in flow rate through the nephron or a rise in the osmolality of filtrate triggers regulation by this mechanism. |
| Sympathetic branch | Neural control overcomes the renal autoregulatory mechanisms. |
| Renin-angiotensin system | A drop in systemic blood pressure triggers the release of an enzyme by the kidneys; the release of the enzyme triggers this regulatory system. |
| ADH | Regulates water reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule |
| Aldosterone | Promotes reabsorption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule |
| Renin | Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I |
| Angiotensin II | A powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone |
| Erythrocytes | Usually seen in association with trauma to the kidneys or along the urinary tract |
| Glucose | Elevated levels are expected in a diabetic |
| Ketone bodies | Elevated levels are evidence of starvation or untreated diabetes mellitus |
| Proteins | Often seen after excessive physical exertion (working out) |
| Afferent arteriole | Blood vessel leading directly into the glomerulus |
| Peritubular capillaries | Capillaries that surround the tubules of the nephron |
| Segmental artery | These are the first branches of the renal artery after it enters the hilum of the kidney |
| Efferent arteriole | Specialized blood vessel leading away from the glomerulus |
| Interlobar artery | In the renal sinus |
| Arcuate artery | Between the cortex and medulla |
| Renal vein | Exiting the kidney |
| Vasa recta | Surrounding the loop of Henle |
| Active transport using ATP | How is Na+ reabsorbed? |
| large, renal pelvis | Major calyces are _____ branches of the ____ ____. |
| Micturition | a mechanism for concentrating urine |
| nephron | basic functional unit of the kidney is the |
| afferent arteriole | blood supply to the nephron is the |
| renal corpuscle | Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the |
| blood hydrostatic pressure | most important factor affecting the glomerular filtration rate is |
| less urine is produced | When the concentration of ADH increases |
| glomerular, hormone | The renin-angiotensin mechanism results in increased _________ filtration in response to ________ release |
| Urete | muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder |
| Protein | Which substance would NOT normally be expected in urine |
| calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra | list structures in the correct sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment |
| increases | If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate: |
| untreated diabetes mellitus | The presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate |
| gluconeogenesis | The kidney performs _______ during prolonged fasting |
| medial | renal hilum lies on the ______ surface of the kidney. |
| perirenal fat capsule | The _____________ attaches the kidney to the posterior body wall. |
| hydronephrosis due to urine backup | Renal ptosis would lead to |
| pelvis | The renal ___________ is continuous with the ureter. |
| Principle cells | Which cells in the kidney play a major part in the regulation of body water and Na+ balance? |
| mesangial cells | The ______________ can contract, changing the total surface are of the capillaries available for filtration in the glomerulus. |
| renal tubules | Filtrate is converted to urine in the ____ ____. |
| renin | Stimulation of the granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system would stimulate the release of ____. |
| concentration gradient established by Na | The energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the |
| loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron | the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney |
| ADH | Urea transport into the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by ________. |
| Inulin | Which of the following substances is the standard substance used to measure the GFR? |
| Urea | Which of the following substances is the largest component of urine by weight after water? |
| nocturnal enuresis | Unusually sound sleep is associated with primary ______ ________. |
| Cortical | ______ nephrons account for 85% of the nephrons |
| capillaries | Reabsorption occurs through the tubule wall and into the peritubular _________. |
| water, NaCl | The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to ______and actively transports ____ into the surrounding interstitial fluids. |
| osmoreceptors, mechanoreceptors | The juxtaglomerular apparatus contains both ___ and ___. |
| JG | The ___ apparatus provides for autoregulatory control of the nephron |
| superior lumbar | The kidneys are located in the ____ _____ region |
| myogenic | The _____ control mechanism reflects the fact that vascular smooth muscle tends to contract when stretched. |
| myogenic control | This mechanism helps protect the kidney from high blood pressures |
| renal cortex | The ____ _____ contains the glomeruli. |
| detrusor | The smooth-muscle layer of the bladder is called the ______. |
| ... | The distal tubule is under control of ___ and ___. |
| ADH, aldosterone | what two hormones are responsible for water and sodium reabsorption from the distal tubule. |
| afferent | Blood comes to the glomerulus via the __ arteriole. |
| glomerulus, glomerular | The renal corpuscle is composed of the ___and the __ (Bowman's) capsule. |
| blood pressure | The stimulus for renin secretion is a drop in systemic _______ ________. |
| Renin | ____ acts as the initial catalyst for a chain of events that leads to increased blood pressure |
| Renal | ____ clearance tests are conducted to test the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). |
| chemoreceptor | The macula densa is a _______. |
| osmolarity | The macula densa monitors _____ of the tubular fluid. |
| higher | Blood pressure in the glomerulus is _____ than in other capillary beds. |
| 200 liters | Every day the kidneys filter nearly __________ of fluid from the bloodstream. |
| perirenal fat capsule | The ____ ____ ____ is a transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney. |
| renal medulla | The _______ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney, which exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids. |
| renal | Under normal resting conditions, the ____________ arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute. |
| Nephrons | __________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine. |
| Renal corpuscle | In what part of the nephron is plasma filtered? |
| filtrate | The net filtration pressure (NFP), responsible for ____formation, |
| extrinsic, intrinsic | In situations where there is an extreme change of blood pressure (mean arterial pressure less than 80 or greater than 180 mm Hg), _____vcontrols take precedence over ______ controls. |
| Anuria | homeostatic imbalances is indicative that glomerular blood pressure is too low to cause filtration? |
| transport maximum for glucose has been exceeded. | The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes is because |
| descending, ascending | Water can leave the _____ limb of the loop of Henle but not the _____ limb. |
| ridding the body of excess glucose. | Tubular secretion is important for: (1) disposing of substances, such as certain drugs and metabolites that are tightly bound to plasma proteins; (2) eliminating undesirable substances or end products that have been reabsorbed by passive processes; (3) ridding the body of excess K+; and (4) controlling blood pH. but NOT |
| True | (T/F) The descending limb of the loop of Henle is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water. |
| diuretics | Alcohol and caffeine are both examples of . |
| True | (T/F) Freshly voided urine is clear and pale to deep yellow, slightly aromatic, slightly acidic (pH of ~6), and has a greater mass than that of the same volume of distilled water. |
| true | (T/F) The urethra has two functions in men, but only one in women. |
| Bladder or renal infection | What is not one of the most common causes of incontinence in adults? |
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