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Bones of the foot (3) 1. tarsus 2. metatarsus 3. phalanges Tarsus bones of foot (7) 1. calcaneus 2. cuboid 3. navicular 4. talus 5. 3 cuneiforms Foot bone articulating with the leg bones talus Metatarsus bones of foot 1. how many 2. named in which direction? 1. 5 2. medial to lateral Metatarsus bones of foot - 3 parts 1. base 2. body/shaft 3. head 1st metatarsal 1. where is there a prominent medial and lateral sesamoid bone 2. what is this bone covered by? 1. plantar surface of 1st head 2. plantar ligaments Phalanges 1. total # 2. 1st digit has how many 3. others have which parts 1. 14 2. 2 3. proximal, middle, distal What movements occur at the ankle joint? (2) 1. dorsiflexion 2. plantarflexion Where do inversion and eversion of the foot occur? (3) 1. talocalcaneal articulations 2. mid tarsal joints between calcaneum and cuboid 3. mid tarsal joints between talus and navicular bones Loss of rotatory movements of the foot results in severe disability because foot can't adapt itself to walking on rough or sloping surfaces When standing, where are the principal weight bearing points? (2) 1. heel 2. metatarsal heads What do foot prints on a wet bathroom floor show? lateral margin of foot and tips of phalanges also touch the ground Foot roles (2) 1. rigid support for weight of standing body 2. mobile spring board for walking and running What does the medial arch comprise of? (5) 1. calcaneum 2. talus 3. navicular 4. 3 cuneiforms 5. 3 medial metatarsals What is the apex of the medial arch? talus Lateral arch comprised of (3) 1. calcaneum 2. cuboid 3. lateral 2 metatarsals Which longitudinal arch is lower? lateral arch What happens to the following when standing? 1. arches 2. individual bones 1. sink under body weight 2. lock together What happens to the following when standing? 1. ligaments 2. foot becomes _____ 1. at maximum tension 2. immobile pedestal What happens to the following when walking? 1. weight 2. arches (2) 1. released from arches 2. unlock; becomes mobile lever system Arches maintained by (3) 1. shape of interlocking bones 2. ligaments of foot 3. muscle action Ligaments of walking are (6) 1. short plantar l. 2. long plantar l. 3. spring l. 4. dorsal l. 5. plantar l. 6. interosseous l. Where does the short plantar ligament stretch between? (2) 1. plantar surface of calcaneus 2. cuboid Long plantar ligament 1. arises from 2. covers what structure 1. plantar surface of calcaneus 2. short plantar ligament Long plantar ligament 1. forms a tunnel for what with what bone? 2. inserts into (3) 1. 1. peroneus longus tendon w/cuboid 2. bases of 2nd, 3rd, 4th metatarsals Spring ligament 1. arises from 2. attaches at 3. supports what? 1. sustentaculum tali of calcaneus 2. forward to tuberosity of navicular 3. inferior aspect of head of talus Dorsal, plantar, and interosseus ligaments are located where? between small bones of foot Ligaments are reinforced by? action of plantar aponeurosis Sole of foot 1. characteristics of skin (2) 2. skin bound down to what membrane by what? 3. sweat glands? 1. thick and hairless 2. underlying deep fascia by numerous fibrous bands 3. lots Plantar fascia 1. what is it? 2. what is the plantar aponeurosis? 3. which part is strong vs weak? 1. deep fascia of sole of foot 2. formed by thick central part of plantar fascia 3. strong central, weaker medial and lateral parts Functions of plantar fascia (3) 1. holds parts of foot together 2. protects plantar surface from injury 3. supports longitudinal arches Plantar aponeurosis 1. what shape 2. arises from 3. divides into what? 1. triangular band 2. posteriorly from calcaneum 3. 5 bands Plantar aponeurosis 1. split bands enclose what? 2. 1 attaches to (2) 1. digital tendons 2. margins of fibrous digital sheaths; sesamoid bones of great toe What do vertical septa do? extends deeply to form 3 compartments of sole of foot What are the compartments of the sole of the foot? (3) 1. medial 2. central 3. lateral Medial compartment of foot - 3 structures 1. abductor hallucis 2. flexor hallucis brevis 3. medial plantar nerves and vessels Central comparnttme of foot - 6 structures 1. flexor digitorum brevis 2. flexor digitorum longus 3. quadratus plantae 4. lumbricals 5. tendon of flexor hallucis longus 6. lateral plantar nerves and vessels Lateral compartment of foot - 2 structures 1. abductor digiti minimi 2. flexor digit minimi Plantar fasciitis results from straining and inflammation of plantar aponeurosis Muscles of foot 1. how many layers? 2. actions (2) 1. 4 2. maintain arches of foot; enable standing on uneven ground 1st layer of plantar muscles 1. what type of muscles 2. muscles (3) 1. short muscles 2. aductor hallucis; abductor digiti minimi; flexor digitorum brevis Abductor hallucis musc 1. innervation + roots 2. action (2) 3. layer 1. medial plantar nerve (S2-S3) 2. abduct and flex 1st digit (great toe) 3. 1st Abductor digiti minimi 1. innervation + roots 2. action (2) 3. layer 1. lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3) 2. abduct and flex 5th digit 3. 1st Flexor digitorum brevis 1. innervation 2. action 3. layer 1. medial plantar nerve 2. flexes lateral 4 digits 3. 1st 2nd layer of plantar muscles 1. consists of which types of structures? (2) 2. which muscles (2) 1. 2 muscles and 2 tendones 2. quadratus plantae (flexor accessorius); lumbricals Quadratus plantae 1. AKA 2. innervation + roots 3. action 4. layer 1. flexor accesorius 2. lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3) 3. assist flexor digitorum longus to flex lateral 4 digits 4. 2nd Lumbricals 1. origin 2. insertion 1. flexor digitorum longus 2. medial aspect of expansion over lateral 4 digits Lumbricals - innervation and roots (2) 1. medial lumbrical: medial plantar nerve (S2-S3) 2. lateral 3 lumbricals: lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3) Lumbricals 1. actions (2) 2. layer 1. flex proximal phalanges; extends middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits 2. 2nd Flexor hallucis longus tendon 1. where does it enter the sole of foot? 2. turns forward below what? 3. crosses deep to what structure? 4. inserts where 1. pass behind medial malleolus 2. sustentaculum tali 3. flexor digitorum longus tendon 4. base of distal phalanx of big toe Flexor hallucis longus tendon 1. innervation + roots 2. action (3) 3. layer 1. tibial nerve (S2-S3) 2. flex distal phalanx of big toe; plantar flexes foot at ankle; support medial longitudinal arch 3. 2nd Flexor digitorum longus tendon 1. insertion 2. innervation + roots 1. bases of distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes 2. tibial nerve (S2-S3) Flexor digitorum longus tendon - actions (3) 1. flex distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes 2. plantar flex foot at ankle joint 3. support medial and lateral longitudinal arches Tendons of 2nd layer (2) 1. flexor hallucis longus tendon 2. flexor digitorum longus tendon 3rd layer of plantar muscles 1. types of muscles 2. which muscles (3) 1. short musc of great and little toes confined to metatarsal region 2. flexor hallucis brevis; adductor hallucis; flexor digiti minimi brevis Flexor hallucis brevis 1. origin 2. insertion 1. plantar surface of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms 2. both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit Flexor hallucis brevis 1. innervation + roots 2. action 3. layer 1. medial plantar nerve (S2-S3) 2. flex proximal phalanx of 1st digit 3. 3rd Adductor hallucis 1. which heads of origin 2. insertion 1. oblique and transverse heads 2. lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit Adductor hallucis 1. innervation + roots 2. action (2) 3. layer 1. deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3) 2. adduct 1st digit; maintain transverse arch of foot Flexor digiti minimi brevis 1. origin 2. insertion 1. base of 5th metatarsal 2. base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit Flexor digit minimi brevis 1. innervation + roots 2. action 3. layer 1. superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3) 2. flex proximal phalanx of 5th digit 4th layer of plantar muscles - which muscles (2) 1. 3 plantar interossei 2. 4 dorsal interossei Plantar interossei muscles 1. how many 2. origin 3. insertion 1. 3 2. arises from single digit at inferior surfaces of 3, 4, 5 metatarsal bones 3. medial side of bases of proximal phalanges of lateral 3 toes Plantar interossei muscles 1. innervation + roots 2. action (3) 3. layer 1. deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3) 2. PAD: adduct digits 3, 4, 5; flexes metatarsophalangeal joints; extend interphalangeal joints 3. 4th Dorsal interossei muscles 1. how many 2. origin 3. insertion (3) 1. 4 2. adjacent sides of metatarsal bones 3. bases of proximal phalanges: 1st on medial side of 2nd toe; rest on lateral sides of 2, 3, 4 toes; dorsal extensor expansion Dorsal interossei muscles 1. innervation + roots 2. action (3) 3. layer 1. deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3) 2. DAB: abducts digits 2, 3, 4; flex metatarsophalangeal joints; extend interphalangeal joints 3. 4th Tibial nerve 1. divides posterior to what? 2. divides into which nerves (2) 3. innervates? 1. medial malleolus 2. medial and lateral plantar nerves 3. all intrinsic musc except extensor digitorum brevis Extensor digitorum brevis is innervated by deep peroneal nerve Innervation to? 1. Saphenous nerve 2. superficial and deep peroneal nerves 1. cutaneous innervation to medial side of foot to head of 1st metatarsal 2. cutaneous innervation to dorsum of foot Innervation to? 1. medial and lateral plantar nerves 2. Sural nerve 1. cutaneous innervation to sole of foot 2. cutaneous innerv to lateral aspect of foot + part of heel Calcaneal branches of tibial nerve and sural nerves supply? cutaneous innervation to heel Lateral plantar artery 1. size 2. contributes to? 1. larger 2. plantar arterial arch Medial plantar artery 1. size 2. contribues to? 1. smaller 2. no contribution to arch 1. Plantar arch formed from? (2) 2. one is a branch of? 1. lateral plantar art; deep plantar art. 2. deep plantar is br. of dorsalis pedis artery