Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems
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Created by:
caitlynm09 on April 9, 2012
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Ch. 5
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84 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Tissues | made up of groups of similar cells that perform a common function. |
| Epithelial | tightly packed sheets of cells that cover organs and outer surfaces, and line hollow organs, vessels, and body cavities; function if protection, absorption, and secretion. Asymmetrical. |
| Apical | the free surface of epithelial tissue that is exposed to body fluids or the environment. |
| Epidermis | the skin epithelial surface. |
| Epithelial | Protect the body from: injury, ultraviolet light, water loss,disease-causing organisms. Absorb nutrients and water where they line blood vessels and intestines. |
| Avascular | does not have its own blood vessels. |
| Glands | groups of epithelial cells that secrete certain substances. |
| Endocrine glands | secrete hormones into the bloodstream (no ducts involved). |
| Hormones | modify the function of organisms. |
| Exocrine glands | secrete products into hollow organs or ducts, or onto surfaces (salive, stomach acid, or sweat). |
| Simple tissue | one cell layer thick. |
| Stratified tissue | more than one layer of cells. |
| Squamous epithelium | flattened cells that form skin surface and inner surface of some vessels; functions in protection and nutrient exchange; stratified. |
| Capillaries | single squamous epithelial cell folded on itself. |
| Cuboidal epithelium | tightly packed cells, neither flat nor tall; secrete/absorb water and small molecules; makes up most glands; lines kidney tubules and covers surface of ovaries. |
| Columnar epithelium | column-shaped cells with nucleus near attached surface; lines much of the digestive and reproductive systems; secretes and absorbs substances. |
| Basement membrane | non-cellular layer made of polysaccharides and proteins beneath cells of an epithelial layer; provides structural support; constantly shed dead cells, replaced by cell division. |
| Intercellular junctions | join epithelial and other cells; mainly protein; allow cells to interact. |
| Tight junctions | form impermeable barriers between plasma membranes of adjacent cells; limit the flow of chemicals in and between tissues. |
| Adhesion junctions | desmosomes; composed of filaments that join cells; enough flexibility to allow some movement. |
| Gap junctions | adjacent cells are joined by channels made of protein; water, ions and other substances can pass; allow for rhythmic contractions in the heart. |
| Ground substance | non-cellular and found in the spaces between cells along with protein fibers that collectively constitute the matrix. |
| Loose connective tissue | areolar; connects epithelia to underlying tissue, holds organs in place, and acts as padding; there is a loose weave of fibers. |
| Fibroblasts | secrete proteins (collagen and elastin) into the matrix. |
| Collagen | has tensile strength- mechanical stress won't break it. |
| Elastin | can stretch but not break. |
| Adipose tissue | connects skin to underlying structures and insulates protective organs. |
| Adipocytes | specialized for energy synthesis ad storage in form of fat lipids; produce adipokines. |
| Adipokines | trigger changes that can cause heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. |
| Blood | liquid matrix carried in blood vessels; transports oxygen and nutrients into cells, and carry waste away; red cells, white cells and platelets. |
| Plasma | the substance in which blood cells are suspended. |
| Red cells | carry oxygen in blood. |
| White cells | fight infections in blood. |
| Platelets | clotting in blood. |
| Serum | the liquid left after clotting proteins are removed. |
| Dense fibrous connective tissue | come in two forms: (irregular) bundles of randomly oriented collagen fibers as in the dermis); (regular) parallel collagen fibers that form tendons and ligaments. |
| Tendons | join muscles to bone; covered with fluid-filled protective sheaths. |
| Ligaments | connect bones to each other; can be torn when the direction of movement is changed suddenly. |
| Tendonitis | inflammation of a tendon caused by repetitive motion. |
| Cartilage | an elbow connective tissue composed of chondrocytes that secrete the dense matrix that surrounds the cells; provides flexible support fot the ears and nose, and a smooth gliding surface at joints. |
| Hyaline cartilage | matrix of only collagen fibers. Found in nose, ends of long bones, and ribs. Composes fetal skeletons, which is later replaced by bone. |
| Elastic cartilage | more elastic fibers, thus more flexible. Found where flexibility is needed such as in the outer ear. |
| Fibrocartilage | matrix packed with strong collagen fiber bundles. Can stand tension and pressure. Found in intervertebral discs and knee joint. |
| Bone | rigid connective tissue; cells are osteocytes; a calcium reservoir. |
| Calcium | needed for nerve and muscle function and bone formation. |
| Osteocytes | secrete a solid collagen matrix, calcium, and other minerals. |
| Muscle tissue | composed of the contractile proteins actin and myosin. |
| Voluntary muscle | requires conscious thought. (walking). |
| Involuntary muscle | requires no thought. (heartbeat). |
| Striated muscle | banded muscle; due to the pattern of actin and myosin. |
| Smooth muscle | unbanded muscle; actin and myosin is not in a banded pattern; involuntary; forms musculature of internal organ, blood vessels, and digestive system. |
| Cardiac muscle | found only in the heart; it is involuntary, striated and undergoes rhythmic contractions; do not reproduce after birth, and so heart damage is permanent. |
| Skeletal muscle | attaches to bone; produces voluntary movements of body parts; cells have multiple nuclei. |
| Hypertrophy | cell size increases, but not in number. |
| Atrophy | wasting away of tissue. |
| Nervous tissue | composed partly of neurons. |
| Neurons | cells that conduct electrical impulses. |
| Neuroglia | nervous tissue that supports and nourishes neurons. |
| Astrocytes | star shaped, provide nutrients to neurons (blood brain barrier). |
| Microglia | remove foreign substances (immune). |
| Schwann cells | oligodendrocytes; synthesize myelin that insulates neurons and increases conduction speed. |
| Neurotransmitters | chemicals used by neurons to communicate with each other. |
| Endorphins | a type of neurotransmitter affected by exercise, which produces feelings of well-being. |
| Ventral | cavity of the thoracic (heart and lungs) and abdominal (stomach, liver, spleen, gall bladder, intestines, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs). |
| Diaphragm | separates ventral cavity into thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| Dorsal | cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord). |
| Epithelial membrane | sheet of epithelium bound to underlying connective tissue; lines body surfaces, cavities, ducts and tubes; includes mucous, serous, and cutaneous membranes. |
| Mucous membrane | pink and moist; line tubes of digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems; absorbant, also secretes protective substances. |
| Serous membranes | double-layered; line thoracic and abdominal cavities and their organs; named according to location; watery fluid secreted between the layers provides lubrication. |
| Pleural membranes | line the thoracic cavity and lungs. |
| Pericardium | membrane sac surrounding the heart. |
| Peritoneum | lines the abdominal cavity and its organs. |
| Mesentery | double layer of peritoneum that attaches organs in the abdominal cavity to the abdominal wall. |
| Cutaneous | forms the relatively hard, dry skin. |
| Meningeal | connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord. |
| Synovial | connective tissue that line the capsules formed by the synovial joints; secretes lubricating fluid. |
| Tissues | same cells and surrounding material, typically one "small" function. |
| Organs | structures composed of two or more tissues packaged and working together to carry out one specific function or a few closely related functions. |
| Organ system | when many organs interact to perform a common major function or closely related set of major functions. |
| Homeostasis | ability ot maintian relatively constant internal conditions under extreme situations. |
| Feedback | among systems and control center (brain); directs the turning up or down of a given process. |
| Negative feedback | the production of a process inhibits the process; a main mechanism of self-regulation. |
| Thermoregulation | an example fo negative feedback; a body temperature increase above 98.6F activates a sensor in the brain to dilate blood vessels near skin and activate sweat glands. The body cools and returns to its set point. |
| Positive feedback | when the product of the process intensifies the process. |
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