Ch 11 Cardiovascular: Blood
About this set
Created by:
DrDavila Plus on April 9, 2012
Subjects:
BIO104: Human Anatomy & Physiology II
Description:
Dr Davila
Medical Careers Institute, ECPI University
Human Anatomy & Physiology II
BIO 104
Classes:
Anatomy - 2012, Anatomy 2, anatomy and physiology, A and P STUFF, BIO104 Day
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52 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 blood | fluid connective tissue of cardiovascular system; contains blood cells (red & white) and plasma |
| 5 functions of blood | 1. Transport substances (O2, nutrients, etc) 2. Restrict fluid loss (ie, blood) 3. Defend from pathogens 4. Regulate pH and ions 5. Stabilize body temperature |
| blood pH | 7.35 - 7.45; or 7.40 ± 0.05 |
| plasma | liquid portion of blood; made of water (92%), proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, and waste; ≈55% of blood |
| 3 plasma proteins | fibrinogen, Albumin, and globulin; made by the liver |
| albumin | most abundant plasma protein; maintains osmotic pressure of blood; "attracts" water to osmose back into blood stream from tissues |
| globulin | transport hydrophobic (water-frightened; ie, oily) molecules; immunoglobulins function in immunity and allergy |
| fibrinogen | plasma protein cleaved into fibrin by thrombin during blood coagulation; |
| fibrin | blood-clotting protein formed when thrombin cleaves fibrinogen during coagulation (clotting) process; last step of blood clotting |
| formed elements | Erythrocytes (RBCs) Leukocytes (WBCs) Platelets (aka thrombocytes, which are cell fragments not cells); |
| erythrocyte | red blood cell; full of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen; 5,000,000 cells/mm3 99.9% of blood cells are RBCs; formed in red bone marrow |
| hemoglobin | oxygen-carrying molecule found in erythrocytes; made of heme (pigment) and globin (protein); heme contains Iron (Fe2+), which turns red when bound to O2; Hgb range = 12-18g/100cc |
| bilirubin | orange-yellow pigment in bile; breakdown product of hemoglobin from dead erythrocytes; |
| erythropoiesis | process of making red blood cells |
| hemopoiesis | process of making any blood cell; aka hematopoiesis |
| leukocyte | white blood cell (WBC); defend body by: 1. Defend against pathogen invasion 2. Remove toxins and wastes 3. Attack abnormal cells formed in red bone marrow or lymph tissue; normal count: 5,000-9,000 cells/mm3 |
| differential count | count of each type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in stained blood smear; determines abnormailities or *changes in WBC populations, due to: infections, inflammation, allergy, and cancer* |
| neutrophil | most abundant WBC; phagocyte; population increases exponentially in acute infection; |
| eosinophil | phagocyte WBC; engulfs antibodies linked to antigens; populations increase in allergic conditions |
| basophil | WBC which releases histamine and heparin; aka mast cells, when in tissue; populations increase in chronic inflammation & infection |
| heparin | anticoagulating protein, which slows clotting; released in response to injury |
| histamine | vasodilating protein, released after injury or allergy; increases blood vessel permeability, which leads to fluid accumulating in tissue (edema), compressing nerves (pain), warmth, and redness; attracts lymphocytes |
| monocyte | largest phagocytic WBC; aka macrophage |
| lymphocyte | 1 of 3 types of WBC (B-/T-/NK-lymphocyte)providing specific immunity (B & T) and some innate immunity (NK); smallest WBCs; 25% of total WBC population |
| B lymphocyte | differentiates in bone; makes antibodies; aka plasma cell |
| T lymphocyte | differentiates in thymus; performs cell-mediated immunity |
| inflammation | swelling pain redness heat |
| platelet | cell fragment involved in blood clotting; aka thrombocyte; forms platelet plug to temporarily plug tears in blood vessel; 250,000-500,000 platelets/mm3 |
| agglutination | blood clumping or bacteria clumping, due to antibodies sticking to each other |
| vitamin K | essential nutrient involved in blood clotting process; vitamin "Klot" |
| hematologist | specialist treating diseases and disorders of blood and associated tissues |
| blood type | identifies which cell-surface protein(s) are on RBCs; 4 main classes: A, B, O, Rh-factor |
| antigen | any substance (toxin, cell-surface protein) that stimulates production of antibodies; anything body may recognize as foreign |
| antibody | protein released by B-lymphocytes in response to antigen; antibody sticks to antigen; antibody signals phagocytic eosinophils |
| Rh-factor | cell-surface protein that may be recognized as an antigen, similar to A and B |
| crossmatching and typing | test for compatibility of blood transfusions |
| type O negative | universal blood donor; aka O- RBCs have none of the main antigens (A, B, or Rh), so recipient should not create antibodies and reject the blood |
| type AB positive | universal blood receiver; aka AB+ RBCs have all major antigens, thus recipient does not recognize any additional antigens in any type of blood (A+, A-, B+, B-, AB-, AB+, O-, or O+) |
| hematocrit | percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood; aka packed cell volume; ≈45% ± 8% |
| fractionation | separating whole blood into plasma & formed elements for clinical analysis using a centrifuge; |
| hemocytoblast | blood stem cell from which all other types of blood cell are descended. "mother" of blood cells |
| average blood volume | adult: 5L adult ♀: 4-5 L adult ♂: 5-6 L |
| 3 blood characteristics | 1. Hot (38°C (100.4°F) is normal temperature 2. Thick (high viscosity) 3. Basic (Slightly alkaline pH [7.4 ± 0.05]) |
| venipuncture | puncture of a vein to remove blood, inject a medication / dye, or start an intravenous infusion |
| red bone marrow | hemopoietic tissue that manufactures formed elements (all RBCs, many WBCs, platelets); located within spongy bone of all child and some adult bones |
| erythropoietin | hormone secreted by kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production; secreted when low O2 (hypoxia), often due to disease or altitude; aka erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone aka EPO |
| hemostasis | cessation of bleeding; 3 phases: vascular, platelet, coagulation followed by platelet retraction of blood vessel & fibrinolysis |
| vascular phase | 1st hemostasis step: blood vessel contracts; membrane becomes sticky & hormones released |
| platelet phase | 2nd hemostasis step: platelets adhere to vessel and platelets aggregate together forming a platelet plug |
| coagulation phase | 3rd hemostasis step: blood clotting enzyme chain reaction, ending with fibrinogen converted into fibrin |
| clot retraction | after coagulation, platelets contract pulling torn blood vessel together |
| fibrinolysis | blood-clot dissolving; tissue-plasminogen activator converts plasminogen → plasmin, which digests fibrin strands of clot |
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