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Root cap- continually replaced and destroyed section whose sole purpose is to protct zone of cell dividsion to move with soil. Zone of Cell Division- apical meristem what is unusual about the meristem tissue? Only group of tissue that retains ability to divide. Root hair not new root,modification of single epidermal cell. Long narrow epidermal cells, Ones that grow root hair is continuous with epidermal cell. This is good for plant to have which increases surface area which allows it to have more nutrients and it incerases surface area in soil. Roots- endodermis in vascular cylinder, contains waxy subering layer which is known as casparian strip, not cell layer .Layer of wax that lines the endodermal cells. Waxy band that runs around cell. Wax prevents water from going in. This layer is primarily designed to keep water in vascular cylinder once it goes through it goes through passage cells. Water goes through epidermis throuch cortex through passage cellst o get to xylem. Root-pericycle this is merostem tissue whose specific job is to make new root that come off of main root. Main root and every once in a while it produces a side or lateral root and that develops from pericycles. It just starts multiplying and pretty soon we have lateral root that has root cap and zone of cell division. Job of pericycle. Root-phloem Smaller pipes , dont have strength and dont allow for support. Carry water and photosynthas down. Everything is there is the monocot roots- xylem -big pipes with thick walls, red tends to be the thick walled cells. These are the ones that are carrying water up. Stem- Node vs. Internode- Node any place on stem where any part of the plant is attached Wherever there is leaf, flower, or anything attached it is called the node. Space in between stems is called the internode. Internodes will vary in length. Cabbage and rise do not have internodes. Hormone causes internodes to grow. Essential elements in plants- carbon, oxygem 45%,major component of plants organic compounds Essential elements in plants-hydrogen 6%; major component of plants organic compounds Essential elements in plants-nitrogen 1.5% components of nucleic acids, proteins, chlorophyll, hormones, conenzymes Essential elements in plants- potassium 1.0; cofactor that functions in protein synthesis, major solute functioning in water balance, operation of stomata Essential elements in plants- calcium .5% important in formation of stability of cell wall and maintenances of membrane structure and permeability; activates some enzymes; regulates many responses to cellular stimuli Essential elements in plants- magnesium .2% component of chlorophyll; activates many enzymes Essential elements in plants-phosphorous .2% component of nucleic acids, phospholopids, atp, coenzymes Essential elements in plants-sulfur .1, component of protein and co enzymes Falling two basic types of plants to how long there leaves stay on; deciduous- (1)those that are going to lose all of their leaves at some point in the year. In cold weather it will haappen in the fall; but bc the desert plants in the spring bc in the summer it gets hot which means transpiration; wiser to have leaves in cold wet rainy season rather than hot dry season. - most get rid of it bc of the cold harsh winter. Falling two basic types of plants to how long there leaves stay on; evergreen has leaves all in all seasons xanthophyllis yellow and brown carotenoids oranges and reds betacyanins and anthocyanins brighter colors such as blues, purples, reds, cool ; attract pollinators as plant is aging the leaves make new pigments that were not there (betacyanins and xanthophylls). abcission going to develop where petiole meets the stem. Abcission zone does not do anything as long as this is actively growing, photosynthesizing, abcission zone activates because auxin activates it abcission When abcission layer has completely developed that leaf or flower will simply fall off, but it will leave behind a protective layer of things getting in called seburin Chlorophyll does not absorb green but reflects it; absorbs mostly blue and red to a lesser extent axillary bud. buds that will be future branches or leaves herbaceous does not produce bark and wood woody dicot produces bark and wood i.e. tree difference between monocot and dicot herbaceous -vascular bundles (contain xylem and phloem)- scattered in monocot leaf structure- palisade parenchymae consists of cylindrical, thin walled parenchyma cells that contain numerous chloroplasts; primary photosynthetic tissue of the leaf; closely packed leaf structure- spongy parenchyma irregular shaped and loosely packed, contain continuous air space within mesophyll, most gas exchange, O2 and CO2 occurs in this area ground tissue parenchyma collanschemya sclerenchyma parenchyma functions in water and food material storage, limited intracellular transport, and photosynthesis when chloroplasts are present sclerenchyma support tissue, collenchyma support herbaceous plant parts typicalx and in leaesly found in the periphery of the stem cortex zone of elongation root reaches their mature (maximum) length; and no further growth in root length occurs zone of differentiation cell maturation is complete; cells of variou root regions, epidermis, cortex, and vascular cylinder, all become differentiated into their constitutent cell types; formation of root hairs occurs here. pq plastoquinone pc plastocyanin fd ferredoxin three carbon sugar (sugar) glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate t ribulose bisphosphate RuBP pga 3-phosphoglycerate PEP carboxylase phosphoenolpyruvate oxaloacetate four carbon product California Current important bc this is why the h2o is cold along our coast because we are getting from Canada. As it comes down it cools off the land an increase in warm water is from caribbean ny vs london current: london wind crossing warm h2o before it heats europe and great britain causing milder temperature during winter ny vs. london current: ny wind cross cold plains=colder humboldt current that causes world wide significant effect down in america it decreases fishing industre bc small fish die big fish dies, stormier wet weather in our area humboldt current normal cold H20 from anarctic are increases to south. America goo dbe cold h2O holds more oxygen and nutrients and support more diverse ecosystem humboldt current abnormal wind weakens which causes the current to weaken. So now instead cold h2o increases to south america, warm water decrease= el nino. american effect= food chain, weather up in n.america