| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Stroke volume x heart rate | cardiac output |
| The normal cardiac output is | 4 to 8 milileters per minute |
| The blood drop goes out through the aorta, to other | smaller arteries |
| Arterioles to | Capillaries |
| Cappillaries to | Venoules. |
| Venoules to | Veins |
| Veins to | Back to the heart (right atrium) |
| From the right atrium through | tricuspid valve |
| tricuspid valve it goes | to the right ventricle |
| Right ventricle through | semiluner valves |
| semiluner valves | to the pulmonary artery |
| Pulmonary artery to | the lungs |
| lungs into | the pulmonary veins |
| Pulmonary veins to | the left atrium of the heart |
| left ventricular of the heart to | through the aorta and out to the body again |
| S1 beginning of | Systolic closing of mitral and tricuspid valves (AV valves) |
| S2 end of Systolic beginning of | diastolic (aortic and pulmonic valves snapping shut) |
| Should NOT hear | S3 or S4 |
| S3 sounds like | KEN TUC KY it is heard at atrial systole, ventricular wall compliance is decreased causing the walls to vibrate |
| S4 sounds like | TEN A SEE this is if someone develops a 4th sound |
| Blood enters the heart through two large veins | the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium. |
| The pulmonary vein empties | oxygen rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium. |
| blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the | open tricuspid valve. |
| Blood enters the heart through two large veins- the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into | the right atrium. |
| blood flows from your left atrium into your left ventricle through the | mitral (bicuspid) valve. |
| blood leaves the heart to go to the lungs through the- | pulmonic valve |
| From the pulmonic valve into the | pulmonary artery |
| pulmonary artery to the | lungs. |
| blood leaves the heart to go to the body through the | aortic valve |
| O2 and CO2 travels to and from | tiny air sacs in the lungs |
| O2 and CO2 goes through the walls of the capillaries into the- | blood |
| Once blood travels through the pulmonic valve, it enters your | lungs. |
| From your pulmonic valve blood travels to the | pulmonary artery to tiny capillaries |
| Always ask about | chest pain during assessment no matter what there age is. |
| Blood pressure is | force exerted against walls of arteries by blood as it is pumped |
| MAP | mean arterial pressure |
| MAP | systolic BP + 2 diastolic BP/3 |
| Systolic BP | highest pressure that occurs at peak of ventricular contraction |
| Diastolic BP | lowest pressure that occurs during ventricular relaxation |
| Cold causes | vasoconstriction |
| Heat causes | vasodilation |
| Chemicals, Hormones, and Drugs can all affect | BP |
| Salt, saturated fats and cholesterol all | elevate BP by affecting blood volume and vessel diameter |
| BP can be affected by | – race, gender, age, weight, time of day, position, exercise and emotional state |
| Palpate the temporal and carotid | pulses |
| Assess the quality, character, rhythm and strength of | temporal and carotid pulses. |
| To inspect for jugular vein distention | raise HOB to 30 to 45 degrees |
| Auscultate for bruits with the | bell of the stethoscope at the carotid and temporal pulse sites |
| How many pulse sites are there | 9 |
| Name the pulse sites | temporal, carotid, apical, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis |
| Presence of a palpable spleen is called | splenomegaly |
| Aging can cause | postural hypotension, pressure ulcers |
| aortic listening area | 2nd ICS right sternal border on RIGHT |
| pulmonic listening site | 2nd ICS left sternal border |
| erb's point | 3rd ICS left sternal border |
| tricuspid listening area | 4th ICS left sternal border |
| mitral listening spot | 5th ICS left midclavicular line |
| Cardiac Enzymes | Tropinions, Creatine Kinanse, LDL Cholestrol, Creactive protein |
| The Atrioventricular Node is located | in the floor of the interatrial septum |
| The AV node | slows the transmission of impulses to the ventricle |
| The AV node sends the impulse | through the bundle of HIS and across purkinje fibers |
| Depolarized cells cause | contraction in the heart |
| Repolarization is the phase of | cell rest |
| Refractory period is | protective of heart cells |
| ECG | studies the conduction system |
| For an ECG | electrodes placed on the skin which pick up the electric impulses |
| Placement of the pads | determines the area of the hearts electrical activity |
| Cardiac cycle is represented by | P,Q,R,S wave |
| P wave | is atrial depolarization/contraction |
| PR | is the time required for the sinus impulse to travel to the AV node into the purkinje fibers |
| Normal PR interval | 0.12 to 0.20 second |
| PR greater than | 0.20 indicate a delay in conduction from the SA node to ventricles |
| QRS | is ventricular depolarization/contraction |
| Normal QRS | 0.06 to 0.10 second |
| QRS greater than | 0.10 indicate a delay of impulse through the ventricular conduction system |
| ST | beginning of ventricular repolarization |
| Period from end of QRS complex to beginning of T wave should be | isoelectric |
| T wave | ventricular repolarization/ rest |
| Abnormal T wave may indicate | MI or injury or electrolyte imbalance |
| QT interval is measured | from beginning of QRS to end of T wave. |
| QT interval represents the total time of | ventricular depolarization and repolarization. |
| Normal QT interval | 0.32 to 0.44 second. |
| Prolonged QT have higher risk for | dysrhythmias. |
| Shorter QT may be related to | medications or electrolyte imbalances. |
| U wave is | not normally seen |
| U wave is repolarization of the | terminal perkinje fibers |
| If U wave present usually means | hypokalemia |
| Changes in the heart output when aging is | decreased cardiac output |
| Left ventricular changes with aging the stroke volume | increases |
| Changes in BP with aging | it increases |
| Atreries go to | Arterioles |
| Arterioles go to | Capillaries |
| Capillaries go to | Venules |
| Venules go to | Veins |
Combine with other sets
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