CST Biology
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| In most stable freshwater environments, populations of Daphnia are almost entirely female and reproduce asexually. However, males are observed in low oxygen environments or when food is scarce. Based on these observations, a researcher suggests that male Daphnia develop in response to unfavorable environmental conditions. This is an example of a A result. B theory. C procedure. D hypothesis. |  B theory |
| Two students were testing the amount of fertilizer that would best promote the growth of strawberries in a garden. Which of the following could be an unavoidable source of experimental error? A length of the study B variation in the strawberry plants C the cost of watering the plants D fertilization during the study | D fertilization during the study |
| Which of the following best describes the use of population models in biology? A They are generally easy to construct. B They can represent reality precisely. C They are used when no observations have been made. D They can help predict outcomes. | A They are generally easy to construct |
| A computer model of cellular mitosis can simulate the aspects of cellular division quite well. However, microscopic observation of actual cellular mitosis can improve understanding because actual observations A may reveal greater unknown complexities. B are easier than a computer model to view. C are the same each time. D may provide division events in sequence. | A may reveal greater unknown complexities. |
| After a volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava, which of the following is the most likely order of succession in the repopulation of the area? A lichens →grasses →shrubs →trees B mosses →grasses →lichens →trees C grasses →trees →mosses →lichens D shrubs →grasses →trees →lichens | A lichens-grasses-shrubs-trees |
| Which information was most important to the development of genetic engineering techniques? A the observation of nondominant alleles B the discovery of lethal genes C the formulation of Punnett squares D the structure of a DNA molecule | D the structure of a DNA molecule |
| The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose to pass through. Because other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called A perforated. B semi-permeable. C non-conductive. D permeable. | B semi-permeable |
| The plasma membrane of a cell consists of A protein molecules arranged in two layers with polar areas forming the outside of the membrane. B two layers of lipids organized with the nonpolar tails forming the interior of the membrane. C lipid molecules positioned between two carbohydrate layers. D protein | B two layers of lipids organized with the nonpolar tails forming the interior of the membrane |
| What causes tomatoes to ripen much more slowly in a refrigerator than they do if left on a table at room temperature? A Tomatoes need sunlight to ripen. B Humidity accelerates the ripening process. C Low temperatures reduce the action of ripening enzymes. D Enzymes produced by bacteria inhibit ripening. | C Low temperatures reduce the action of ripening enzymes |
| There are many different enzymes located in the cytoplasm of a single cell. How is a specific enzyme able to catalyze a specific reaction? A Different enzymes are synthesized in specific areas of the cytoplasm. B Most enzymes can catalyze many different reactions. C An enzyme binds to a specific substrate (reactant) for the reaction catalyzed. D Enzymes are transported to specific substrates (reactants) by ribosomes. | C An enzyme binds to specific substrate (reactant) for the reaction catalyzed. |
| Some snake venoms are harmful because they contain enzymes that destroy blood cells or tissues. The damage caused by such a snakebite could best be slowed by A applying ice to the bite area. B drinking large amounts of water. C inducing vomiting. D increasing blood flow to the area. | A applying ice to the bite area |
| Maltose can be broken down into glucose molecules by the enzyme maltase. Which of the following would slow the reaction rate? A adding maltase B adding maltose C removing glucose D diluting with water | D diluting with water |
| Eukaryotic cells are differentiated from prokaryotic cells because eukaryotic cells A are much smaller. B have permeable membranes. C have a higher rate of reproduction. D have nuclei. | D have nuclie. |
| Which cellular organelle is responsible for packaging the proteins that the cell secretes? A cytoskeleton B cell membrane C lysosome D Golgi apparatus | D Golgi apparatus |
| Which molecule in plant cells first captures the radiant energy from sunlight? A glucose B carbon dioxide C chlorophyll D adenosine triphosphate | C chlorophyll |
| The first stage of photosynthesis in a chloroplast is A light-dependent. B temperature-dependent. C glucose-driven. D ATP-driven. | A light-dependent |
| A cell from heart muscle would probably have an unusually high proportion of A lysosomes. B mitochondria. C mRNA. D Golgi bodies. | B mitochondria |
| In aerobic respiration, the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) takes place in A chloroplasts. B nuclei. C lysosomes. D mitochondria. | D mitochondria |
| Which of the following statements correctly describes meiosis? A Cells divide only once during meiosis. B Meiosis does not occur in reproductive cells. C The cells produced at the end of meiosis are genetically identical to the parent cell. D The cells produced at the end of meiosis contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. | D The cells produced at the end of meiosis contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. |
| Which of the following best describes meiosis? A It is carried out in all tissues that require cell replacement. B It occurs only in cells in the reproductive structures of the organism. C It happens in all tissues except the brain and spinal cord. D It is the first stage of mitosis. | B It occurs only in cells in the reproductive structures of the organism. |
| If a corn plant has a genotype of Ttyy, what are the possible genetic combinations that could be present in a single grain of pollen from this plant? A Ty, ty B TY, ty C TY, Ty, ty D Ty, ty, tY, TY | A Ty, ty |
| Which of the following sequences represents chromosome number during fertilization? A n+n→2n B 2n →n+n C n →n D 2n →2n | A n+n→2n |
| Based only on the sex chromosomes in typical human egg and sperm cells at fertilization, the probability of producing a female is A 25%. B 50%. C 75%. D 90%. | B 50% |
| In fruit flies, the gene for red eyes (R) is dominant and the gene for sepia eyes (r) is recessive. What are the possible combinations of genes in the offspring of two red-eyed heterozygous flies (Rr)? A RR only B rr only C Rr and rr only D RR, Rr, and rr only | D RR, Rr, and rr only |
| In certain breeds of dogs, deafness is due to a recessive allele (d) of a particular gene, and normal hearing is due to its dominant allele (D). What percentage of the offspring of a normal heterozygous (Dd) dog and a deaf dog (dd) would be expected to have normal hearing? A 0% B 25% C 50% D 100% | C 50% |
| If a human baby boy inherits a recessive allele from his mother, in which circumstance would he most likely show the trait coded for by the recessive allele? A The baby inherits the dominant allele from his father. B The allele is on an autosomal chromosome and the baby is a twin. C The allele is on the X chromosome. D The allele is on the Y chromosome. | C The allele is on the X chromosome. |
| Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells have only one factor for each inherited trait. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that A haploid cells are produced by mitosis. B diploid cells are produced by mitosis. C haploid cells are produced by meiosis. D diploid cells are produced by meiosis. | C haploid cells are produced by meiosis |
| Complete burning of plant material returns carbon primarily to the A herbivores. B water. C vegetation. D atmosphere. | D atmosphere. |
| Which of these organisms are most helpful in preventing Earth from being covered with the bodies of dead organisms? A herbivores B producers C parasites and viruses D fungi and bacteria | D fungi and bacteria |
| Which of these organisms would most likely be found at the top of an energy pyramid? A clams B sardines C sharks D kelp | C sharks |
| Which of these organisms would most likely be found at the bottom of a biomass pyramid? A giant squids B sand sharks C sea cucumbers D green algae | D green algae |
| Which of these would have the least effect on natural selection in a subspecies of giraffes that is geographically isolated from other subspecies of giraffes? A available niches B existing predators C chromosome number D available food resources | C chromosome number |
| In carrier pigeons there is a rare inherited condition that causes the death of the chicks before hatching. In order for this disease to be passed from generation to generation there must be parent birds that A are heterozygous for the disease. B have the disease themselves. C produce new mutations for this disease. D are closely interbred. | A are heterozygous for the disease. |
| A healthy individual is a carrier of a lethal allele but is unaffected by it. What is the probable genotype of this individual? A two dominant normal alleles B one recessive lethal allele and one dominant lethal allele C one recessive lethal allele and one dominant normal allele D one dominant lethal allele and one recessive normal allele | C one recessive lethal allele and one dominant normal allele |
| A genetic disorder due to a recessive allele (a) is lethal in homozygous individuals (aa), whereas heterozygous individuals (Aa) have no symptoms. Based on this information, which of the following is likely to result? A The disorder will quickly be eliminated since no recessive homozygotes will survive to reproduce. B The disorder will be maintained in the population through the reproduction of heterozygotes. C Only homozygous dominant (AA) individuals will survive. D The prevalence of the disorder will increase over time. | B Te disorder will be maintained in the population through the reproduction of heterozygotes. |
| Mutations within a DNA sequence are A natural processes that produce genetic diversity. B natural processes that always affect the phenotype. C unnatural processes that always affect the phenotype. D unnatural processes that are harmful to genetic diversity. | A natural processes that produce genetic diversity. |
| Which of these best illustrates natural selection? A An organism with favorable genetic variations will tend to survive and breed successfully. B A population monopolizes all of the resources in its habitat, forcing other species to migrate. C A community whose members work together utilizes all existing resources and migratory routes. D The largest organisms in a species receive the only breeding opportunities. | A An organism with favorable genetic variations will tend to survive the breed successfully. |
| A species of finch has been studied on one of the geographically isolated Galapagos Islands for many years. Since the island is small, the lineage of every bird for several generations is known. This allows a family tree of each bird to be developed. Some family groups have survived and others have died out. The groups that survive probably have A interbred with other species. B inherited some advantageous variations. C found new places on the island to live. D been attacked by more predators. | B inherited some advantageous variations. |
| A population of termites initially consists of darkly colored and brightly colored members. After several generations, the termite population consists almost entirely of darkly colored members because the brightly colored termites are easier for a predatory species of insectivores to locate. This situation is an example of A the evolution of a new species. B natural selection. C artificial selection. D adaptive radiation. | B natural selection. |
| Earth has undergone some catastrophic changes from time to time. Which of these most likely explains why life on Earth continued following these catastrophes? A Dominant species had a slow mutation rate. B Many species filled the same niche. C A strong species had many different characteristics. D A wide diversity of species existed. | D A wide diversity of species existed. |
| A small population of chimpanzees lives in a habitat that undergoes no changes for a long period. How will genetic drift probably affect this population? A It will accelerate the appearance of new traits. B It will promote the survival of chimpanzees with beneficial traits. C It will increase the number of alleles for specific traits. D It will reduce genetic diversity. | D it will reduce genetic diversity. |
| A small portion of a population that is geographically isolated from the rest of the population runs the risk of decreased A genetic drift. B mutation rate. C natural selection. D genetic variation. | D genetic variation. |
| A single species of squirrel evolved over time into two species, each on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon. This change was most likely due to A higher mutation rates on one side. B low genetic diversity in the initial population. C the isolation of the two groups. D differences in reproductive rates. | C the isolation of the two groups. |
| Fossil evidence suggests that a number of members of one fish species from an ancient lake in Death Valley, California, became several isolated species. Each of these new species lived in a different pond. Which of the following best explains the cause of this speciation? A episodic isolation B temporal isolation C geographic isolation D behavioral isolation | C geographic isolation |
| If a paleontologist finds fossils of many different species existing in the same area at approximately the same time, the paleontologist can conclude that the ecosystem in this area had a high degree of A climatic variation. B episodic speciation. C biological diversity. D geographic isolation. | C biological diversity |
| In order for the body to maintain homeostasis, the chemical decomposition of food to produce energy must be followed by A water intake. B muscle contractions. C waste removal. D nervous impulses. | C waste removal. |
| Carbon dioxide is produced as cells break down nutrients for energy. Which of the following pairs of systems would participate in removing the carbon dioxide from the body? A endocrine and circulatory B circulatory and respiratory C respiratory and endocrine D reproductive and excretory | B circulatory and respiratory |
| The respiratory system depends on the nervous system for signals to A enhance the amount of available oxygen in the lungs. B coordinate muscles controlling breathing. C release enzymes to increase the exchange of gases. D exchange gases with the circulatory system. | B coordinate muscles controlling breathing. |
| Striking the tendon just below the kneecap causes the lower leg to jerk. Moving an object quickly toward the face can cause the eyes to blink shut. These are examples of A learned responses. B short-term memory. C reflex reactions. D sensory overload. | C reflex reactions. |
| The fight-or-flight response includes greater heart output and a rise in blood pressure. This response is due to A insulin secreted by the pancreas. B thyroxine secreted by the thyroid gland. C oxytocin secreted by the pituitary gland. D adrenaline secreted by the adrenal glands. | D adrenaline secreted by the adrenal glands. |
| Which of these secretes a hormone that regulates the rate of metabolism of the body? A spleen B cerebrum C thyroid D kidney | C thyroid |
| The homeostatic mechanism in humans that regulates blood pH depends on the feedback of information from A stretch receptors. B chemical receptors. C hormone receptors. D thermal receptors. | B chemical receptors. |
| Which of the following is a function of the nervous system? A releasing ATP into contracting muscle tissues B signaling muscle tissues to contract C producing lactic acid in fatigued muscle tissues D increasing cellular respiration in muscle tissues | B signaling muscle tissues to contract |
| A signal that the bladder is full is sent to the central nervous system by A feedback loops. B sensory neurons. C nephron tubules. D receptor proteins. | B sensory neurons. |
| What is the greatest danger to a patient who has had damage to the skin? A loss of oils produced by the skin B excessive muscle contractions in the damaged area C infections in uncovered tissues D damaged tissue entering the blood stream | C infections in uncovered tissues |
| Sweat and skin secretions contain a mixture of molecules that kills or limits the growth of many types of microbes. This control of microbes is an example of A a nonspecific defense against infection. B an enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reaction. C a feedback loop to maintain homeostasis. D a specific immune response to infection by microbes. | A a nonspecific defense against infection. |
| The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. Vaccinated individuals become protected against polio because the weakened viruses A prevent further viral invasion. B induce an inflammatory response. C promote production of antibodies. D are too weak to cause illness. | C promote production of antibodies. |
| Injecting a person with a killed-bacteria vaccine can protect that individual from a disease because the proteins of the killed bacteria A remain in the body, and live bacteria later prey on them instead of live tissues. B bind with receptors in the body, so that live bacteria cannot bind with them later. C stimulate the production of antibodies which can be manufactured later in response to infection. D give the person a mild form of the disease, which conditions the body not to respond to later infection. | C stimulate the production of antibodies which can be manufactured later in response to infection. |
| Which of the following require a host cell because they are not able to make proteins on their own? A blue-green algae B bacteria C protozoans D viruses | D viruses |
| How do human diseases caused by bacteria and diseases caused by viruses react to antibiotics? A Neither responds to antibiotics. B Both respond to antibiotics. C Viral diseases respond to antibiotics; bacterial diseases do not. D Bacterial diseases respond to antibiotics; viral diseases do not. | D Bacterial diseases respond to antibiotics; viral diseases do not. |
| Individuals with HIV sometimes contract a pneumonia infection that is rare in the rest of the population because people with HIV A are unable to fight off these pneumonia-causing organisms. B are more often exposed to these pneumonia-causing organisms. C release pheromones that attract the pneumonia-causing organisms. D release substances that increase the strength of the pneumonia-causing organisms. | A are unable to fight off these pneumonia-causing organisms. |
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