Bio sexual reproduction test
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Created by:
studymuch123 on April 10, 2012
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55 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 animals--- | eukaryote, heterotroph(ingests food from other places), multicellular, no cell wall, nervous system, muscles, reproduce sexually, diploid stage dominates |
| animal adaptions to difficulty with sexual reproduction | - asexual reproduction - hermaphrodites |
| advantage of asexual reprodtuction | - solitary lifestyle - stable environment |
| advantages of sexual reproduction | - variety: good for changing environment - better to adapt if attacked by a certain parasite |
| advantages of hermaphrodite | - every member of species is a potential mate - 2 sets of eggs are fertilized with each encounter |
| steps of a typical animal life cycle | 1. adult--> meiosis= gamete 2. 2 gametes combine-->zygote 3. eight cell stage 4. Blastula 5 gastrula 6 larva--->metamorphosis=adult |
| fertilization | - fusion of egg and sperm - internal (inside female body) - external (outside female body) |
| development | - growth and change of an organism from a zygote to an adult - requires both mitosis and specialization |
| Fertilization: aquatic | -most fish and amphibians - external - released in water (keep gametes moist) - TONS released, camouflge (protection) - Huge amount, mating seasons, rituals, chemical attraction (adapted to ensure meeting gametes) |
| fertilization: terrestrial | - birds, some reptiles, some fish, placental mammals - internal - inside female body (keep gametes moist) - kept inside body (protection of gametes) - small area, chemical attraction (adaptations-- to make sure gametes meet) |
| chemical attraction- | chemicals on sperm are attracted to chemicals on surface off egg |
| mating season | - good when fertilization occurs externally - sperm are released when triggered by a change in environment - high sperm concentration stimulates females to release their eggs |
| internal fertilization (gametes moist and protected) | - kept moist inside body - small area-- sperm can find egg way more easily |
| oviparous | "egg birth" |
| ovoviviparous | "egg live birth" |
| viviparous | "live birth" |
| development: aquatic | - external - develops in water (moist) - huge #, protective coating, camo, nest, parents (protection of embryo) - short period for develop, big yolk (get food) - oxygen diffuses in from water (get 02 ) - wastes diffuse out (wastes expelled) |
| development:oviparous | - external - amniotic egg/fluid (moist) {mini pond} - tough shell, camo, nest, parent protect, amnion=shock absorber (protection) - big yolk, short period of dev. (gets food) - porous shell lets in O2, air space, chorion and allantois absorb oxygen( get O2) - allantois collects wastes (removes waste) |
| development: ovoviviparous | - internal (egg inside mom) - moist inside female, amniotic fluid (moist) - protected in body, amnion=shock absorber (protection) - large yolk, short dev. period (get food) - mom helps in gas exchange, chorion and allantois absorb O2 (gets O2) - allantois collects wastes (wastes removed) |
| development: viviparous | - internal (placental) - in body, amniotic fluid (moist) - in body, amnion= shock absorber (protection) - food from mom thru placenta (get food) - O2 thru placenta (get O2) - wastes removed thru placenta |
| air space | - provides place for gas exchange |
| chorion( and later allantois) | - provide surface area and blood supply for absorbing O2 |
| yolk (nutrients)-- | mom packing a lunch for the growing embryo |
| amniotic cavity | - with amniotic fluid - fluid-filled amnion surrounds embyo to keep it moist - fluid acts as shock absorber to protect embryo |
| allantois | - stores waste products - provide surface area for blood supply absorbing O2 |
| shell--- | - hard or tough and leathery to provide protection - porous to allow for oxygen to diffuse thru - has membrane that limits evaporation |
| laravl forms---- | allow offspring to obtain their own food while completing their development |
| metamorphosis in insects | - egg--> larva--> pupa--> adult |
| placenta advantages | - no running out of food - more time to develop complex structures - get food from and release wastes to moms blood |
| vagina | -receives sperm during copulation - allows passage of menses or baby outside |
| cervix | -often plugged with mucus - dilates in prep for birth |
| ovary | -produces eggs - produces hormones (estrogen and progesterone) |
| oviduct | - carries egg to uterus - place where fertilization occurs |
| uterus | - place where embryo develops - lining thickens to prepare and then sheds if no fertilization occurs |
| male glands that make semen | - seminal vesicles - prostate gland - bulbourethral gland |
| epididymis | - stores sperm until mature |
| testis | - produces sperm - produces testosterone |
| scrotum | - holds testes in cooler area outside body cavity |
| penis | - deposits sperm during copulation |
| urethra | - carries sperm or urine |
| vas deferens | - carries only sperm from epididymis to the urethra |
| follicle phase | pituitary gland-- releases small amounts of FSH and LH to start maturation of an egg and produce ------- ovulation |
| ovulation | - triggered by burst of LH and FSH - egg released into oviduct |
| luteal phase | 1. LH converts ruptured follicle to corpus luteum 2. corpus luteum makes estrogen and progesterone 3. if no fertilization, corpus luteum breaks down (no HCG produced) |
| decreased estrogen and progesterone trigger__________ | menstruation |
| female stategy | quality!!! - 1 out of 4 cells from meiosis becomes an egg - 1 egg a month - large gamete (lots of nutrients) - limited number of follicles in ovary - process halts twice |
| male strategy | quantity!!! - all 4 cells from meiosis become sperm - produced continually after puberty - small gamete (no extra baggage) - over 1/2 mile of tubules in each testis with sperm production all around surface - uninteruppted process |
| sperm adaptations | - streamlined shape is good for swimming - small size requires less energy to propel it - flagellum -- propels the sperm in a swimming motion - mitochondria- uses sugar in semen to make ATP and located near tail - acrosome- enzymes help get thru eggs coating - chromosomes- in head easily into egg, tightly packed |
| semen adaptations | - lubricating mucus to help crowded sperm move - nutrients (fructose) for energy - basic liquid to fend off acidity of vagina and urine remaining in male urethra - chemicals trigger thinning of cervical mucus and uterine contractions that propel the sperm up the uterus to the oviducts |
| cleavage | mitosis without time for growth (looks like fragmenting) |
| early embryonic development | zygote--- cleavage--- eight cell stage--- cleavage--- blastula-----gastrula--- gastrulation |
| ectoderm | -outer layer of skin - nervous system |
| mesoderm | -skeletal system - muscular system - circulatory system |
| endoderm | - lining of digestive tract - liver and pancreas |
| 3 stages of human birth | - dilation of the cervix - expulsion-delivery of infant - delivery of the placenta |
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