1.
"Cash and Carry" Neutrality Act: an act in 1939 that was passed allowing warring nations to buy US goods as long as they paid cash and carried the goods on their own ships
2.
A. Philip Randolph: Head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters whose threatened march on Washington opened job opportunities for blacks during World War II
3.
Acclamation: A general and unanimous action of approval or nomination by a large public body, without a vote
4.
Adolf Hitler: This dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party. He believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces.
5.
Albert Einstein: German-born physicist who helped persuade Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb
6.
Appeasement: policy by which Czechoslovakia, Great Britain and France agreed to Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland in agreement for not taking any additional Czech territory
7.
Atlantic Charter: 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war
8.
Atomic Bomb: The devastating new weapon used by the United States against Japan in August 1945
9.
Austrian annexation: German annexation of Austrian violated the provisions of the Versailles Treaty, despite popular vote in Austria to be unified with Germany. The Allied powers however, lacked the will or courage to prevent it.
10.
Battle of Britain: an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.
11.
Battle of Midway: Crucial naval battle of June 1942, in which U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz blocked the Japanese attempt to conquer a strategic island near Hawaii
12.
Battle of the Bulge: The December 1944 German offensive that marked Hitler's last chance to stop the Allied advance
13.
Bazooka: A metal-tubed weapon from which armor-piercing rockets are electronically fired
14.
Beachhead: The first position on a beach secured an invading force and used to land further troops and supplies
15.
Benito Mussolini: Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.
16.
Besides African-Americans, another traditionally rural group who used service in the armed forces as a springboard to postwar urban life were: Indians
17.
Bracero: A Mexican farm laborer temporarily brought into the United States
18.
Braceros: Mexican-American workers brought into the United States to provide an agricultural labor supply
19.
Casablanca: Site of 1943 Roosevelt-Churchill conference in North Africa, at which the Big Two planned the invasion of Italy and further steps in the Pacific war
20.
Chester W. Nimitz: Commander of the U.S. naval forces in the Pacific and brilliant strategist of the "island-hopping" campaign
21.
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies: 1940 - Formed by isolationists who believed that the U.S. could avoid going to war by giving aid in the form of supplies and money to the Allies, who would fight the war for us.
22.
Compared with British and Soviet women during WWII, more American women: worked in heavy-industry plants ??
23.
Cordell Hull: The Secretary of State who believed that trade was a two-way street, that a nation can sell abroad only as it buys abroad, that tariff barriers choke off foreign trade, and that trade wars beget shooting wars. He was one of the main contributors to the reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers.
24.
D-Day: The beginning of the Allied invasion of France in June 1944
25.
Deposition: Forcibly remove from office or position
26.
Destroyer deal: 1940 - U.S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain. (Destroyers were major warships that made up the bulk of most countries' navies.) Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war.
27.
Detroit: Site of serious racial disturbance during World War II
28.
Douglas MacArthur: Commander of the U.S. army in the Pacific during World War II, who fulfilled his promised to return to the Philippines
29.
Dwight D. Eisenhower: Commander of the Allied military assault against Hitler in North Africa and France
30.
Ethiopian Invasion: One of three African countries not controlled by a European power prior to 1935. Mussolini invaded Ethiopia to restore glory of Roman Empire. League of Nations took no actions.
31.
FDR's quarantine speech: FDR speech in October 1937, called for internal cooperation to "quarantine the aggressors"; Poll of Congress revealed that 2/3 majority opposed economic sanctions, so he stepped down, as they called this plan a "back door to war"; FDR did get $1 billion in appropriations to enlarge the navy.
32.
FEPC: The federal agency established to guarantee opportunities for African-American employment in World War II industries
33.
Genocide: The systematic extermination or killing of an entire people
34.
Good Neighbor Policy: Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.
35.
Greer, Kearney, and Reuben James: Ships that were attacked by German submarines
36.
Harry S. Truman: Inconspicuous former senator from Missouri who was suddenly catapulted to national and world leadership on April 12, 1945
37.
Henry A. Wallace: FDR's liberal vice president during most of World War II, dumped from the ticket in 1944
38.
Henry J. Kaiser: Leading American industrialist and shipbuilder during World War II
39.
Hirohito: Japanese emperor who was allowed to stay on his throne, despite unconditional surrender policy
40.
Hitler invades USSR: Hitler, who hates Slavs, violated the Nazi-Soviet Nonagression Pact of 1939. FDR provides assistance to the Soviet Union.
41.
Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Treaty: On March 31st 1939, Chamberlain announced in a crowded House of Commons that if Poland was in any type of a threat of invasion, Britain and France would come to their aid. An Anglo-Polish treaty of Alliance was under preparation and Britain also included Rumania, Greece and Turkey under their protection. Though angered and surprised, Hitler was not deterred by this treaty. He commanded his generals to ready their troops and prepare for an attack no later than September 1st. Hitler's aim was to start "a war with sudden, heavy blows and gaining rapid successes (1939)
42.
Hitler's last-ditch effort to stop British and American advance in the west occurred at: the Battle of the Bulge
43.
Holocaust: A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
44.
Invasion of France: 1940 Germany broke through Maginot Line and in June took control of France and established a puppet government (Vichi France)
45.
Isolationism: a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs
46.
Iwo Jima and Okinawa: The last two heavily defended Japanese islands conquered by the United States in 1945
47.
Japanese embargo: 1940 - Due to the Japanese aggression in South East Asia, America decides to stop trading oil and scrap metal to Asia. These are resources the Japanese desperately need. Rather than altering their aggressive behavior, the Japenese get very angry and view America as a threat to them in South East Asia. As a result, Japan secretly plans an attack on Pearl Harbor.
48.
Japanese invasion of China: In July 1937, Chinese and Japanese forces clashed south of Beijing and hostilities spread. The Japanese seized the Chinese capitol of Nanjing in December. Chiang Kai-shek refused to surrender even though the Japanese pushed onward. Chinese civilians experienced extreme brutality and aerial bombing, The Chinese were defeated.
49.
Japanese-Americans: A U.S. minority that was forced into concentration camps during World War II
50.
Jiang Jieshi: U.S. ally who resisted Japanese advances in China during World War II
51.
John L. Lewis: Tough head of the United Mine Workers, whose work stoppages precipitated antistrike laws
52.
Joseph Stalin: The Allied leader who constantly pressured the United States and Britain to open a "second front" against Hitler
53.
Joseph Stalin: Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition
54.
Lend-Lease Act: Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States."
55.
London Economic Conference: In the summer of 1933, 66 nations sent delegates to the London Economic Conference. The delegates hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression. They sought to stabilize the values of various nations' currencies and the rates at which they could be exchanged. President Roosevelt, at first, agreed to send delegates to the conference, but had second thoughts after he realized that an international agreement to maintain the value of the dollar in terms of other currencies wouldn't allow him to inflate the value of the dollar. He declared that America wouldn't take place in the negotiations. Without support from the United States, the London Economic Conference fell apart. The collapse strengthened the global trend towards nationalism, while making international cooperation increasingly difficult.
56.
Munich Conference: 1939- The term is most often applied to the foreign policy of the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain towards Nazi Germany between 1937 and 1939. His policies of avoiding war with Germany have been the subject of intense debate for seventy years among academics, politicians and diplomats. The historians' assessments have ranged from condemnation for allowing Hitler to grow too strong, to the judgment that he had no alternative and acted in Britain's best interests.
57.
Neutrality Acts: Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.
58.
Nye Committee: In 1934 Senator Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota held hearings to investigate the country's involvement on WW1; this committee documented the huge profits that arms factories had made during the war
59.
oil expropriation: Mexican leader Cardenas implemented this which siezed the holdings of US oil companies and created Mexican government run
60.
Panay incident: (FDR) Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.
61.
Philippines: U.S.-owned Pacific archipelago seized by Japan in the early months of World War II
62.
Phony War: was a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground
63.
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act: 1934; meant to lift US export trade from depression; put into operation low-tariff policies; whittled down most objectionable schedules of Hawley-Smoot Tariff thru amendments
64.
Rhineland invasion: Was demilitarized by the Treaty of Versailles, but in March 1936 the German army moved in
65.
Rome-Berlin Axis: 1936; close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined; resulted from Hitler; who had supported Ethiopia and Italy, he overcame Mussolini's lingering doubts about the Nazis.
66.
Rosie the Riveter: Symbolic personification of female laborers who took factory jobs in order to sustain U.S. production during World War II
67.
Spanish Civil War: In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.
68.
Sudetenland: The area near Czechoslovakia that was mainly German ethnicity that Germany took.
69.
Teheran: Iranian capital where Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met to plan D-Day in coordination with Russian strategy against Hitler in the East
70.
The America First Committee: 1940 - Formed by die-hard isolationists who feared the U.S. going to war. They wanted to do anything they could to stay out of war.
71.
The American conquest of Guam and other islands in the Marianas in 1944 was especially important because: It made possible round-the-clock bombing of Japan from land bases
72.
The essential American strategy in the Pacific called for: "island hopping" by capturing only the most strategic Japanese bases by bypassing the rest
73.
The Fair Employment Practices Commission was designed to: prevent discrimination against blacks in wartime industries
74.
The fundamental American strategic decision of World War II was: to attack Germany first while using just enough strength to hold of Japan
75.
The Japanese advance in the Pacific was finally halted at the battles of: Coral Sea and Midway
76.
The major exception to the relatively good American civil liberties record during WWII was the treatment of: Japanese-Americans
77.
The most difficult European fighting for American forces through most of the 1943 occurred in: Italy
78.
The second American atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of: Nagasaki
79.
The U.S.-British demand for "unconditional surrender" was: a weak verbal substitute for the promised "second front"
80.
The wartime migration of rural African-Americans to northern urban factories was further accelerated after the war by the invention of the: mechanical cotton picker
81.
The wartime shortage of labor was partly made up by bringing into the work force such groups as: mexican braceros and women
82.
Thomas Dewey: Republican presidential nominee in 1944 who failed in his effort to deny FDR a fourth term
83.
U-boat: A German submarine
84.
Unconditional Surrender: Controversial U.S.-British demand on Germany and Japan that substituted for a "second front"
85.
Underground: A secret or illegal movement organized in a country to resist or overthrow the government
86.
WAACS, WAVES, and SPARS: Women's units of the army and navy during World War II
87.
War Production Board: A federal agency that coordinated U.S. industry and successfully mobilized the economy to produce vast quantities of military supplies
88.
Wartime inflation and food shortages were kept partly in check by: price controls and rationing
89.
Wendell Wilkie: The Republican nominee for president in the 1940 election, he was a surprise nominee as he had never before run for public office; He criticized the New deal but largely agreed with Roosevelt on preparedness and giving aid to Britain short of actually entering the war. His strongest criticism of Roosevelt was regarding his decision to break the two term tradition established by George Washington.
90.
Winston Churchill: Allied leader who met with FDR to plan strategy at Casablanca and Teheran
91.
Winston Churchill: A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.
