Psych 111 Chapter 8
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Created by:
dgoldfarb0 on April 10, 2012
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32 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Language | System of symbols, sounds, meanings and rules combination that allow for communication among humans |
| Linguistic relativity | The hypothesis that one's language determines the nature of one's thoughts (Whorf) |
| Phonemes | The smallest speech units in a language that can be distinguished |
| Morphemes | The smallest units of meaning in a language |
| Semantics | The area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations |
| Cognition | Mental processes of thinking |
| Over regularizations | Grammatical rules that are incorrectly generalize irregular cases where they do not apply Ex: "The girl GOED home" |
| Surface Structure | Particular words used |
| Deep Structure | Notion of nouns, verbs, commands |
| Expressive Language | The ability to produce language |
| Receptive Language | The ability to comprehend, process, and integrate the meaning of language |
| Telegraphic Language | Lacks non-important words Ex: "Give doll" |
| Holophrases | Simple and conveys meaning Ex: "UP!" |
| Bilingual | Ability to speak two languages |
| Behaviorist Theory | Language is learned through imitation, exposure, and reinforcement (Skinner) |
| Nativist Theory | Young children are able to learn the rules of language (Chomsky) |
| Interactionist Theory | Think parents influence language development and humans are built well to to learn language |
| Functional Fixedness | Prevents problem solving, we have a tendency to rely on a a single function for an object and not consider other uses for it |
| Mental Set | We have a tendency to only use solutions that have worked in the past |
| Confirmation Bias | Tendency to only seek information that is likely to support one's decisions and beliefs |
| Framing | How problems are asked can have an effect on peoples emotional response |
| Reasoning | The process by which we generate and evaluate arguments |
| Algorithms | A methodical, step by step procedure for trying all possible alternatives to solve a problem |
| Deductive reasoning | Draw conclusions from a set of assumptions |
| Inductive reasoning | We reason from specific observations to general propositions |
| Insight | Sudden discovery of the correct solution |
| Overextensions | Word describes wider set of objects than it is meant to |
| Compensatory Decision Models | Allows attractive attributes to compensate for unattractive attributes |
| Noncompensatory Decision Models | Do not allow some attributes to compensate for others |
| Availability Heuristic | Decision making based on the fact that things which are easily recalled seem to be typical/common |
| Representative Heuristic | Matching an object to a "concept" or "category" without processing how likely the fit may be |
| Semantic Slanting | Deliberately choosing words to create emotional responses |
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