ch 19 brain and cranial nerves
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60 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 regions of the brain | cerebrum, diencephalons, mesencephalon, pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata |
| cerebrum | conscious thought, intellectual functions, memory, complex motor patterns original in this region; largest region of the brain |
| mesencephalon | MIDBRAIN; processes visual and auditory information and generates involuntary somatic motor responses contains colliculi |
| pons | contains pneumotaxic/apneustic areas controls breathing connects the cerebellum to the brain stem ascending, descending and transverse tracts |
| cerebellum | 3 pairs of peduncles coordinates skeletal muscle contractions responsible for posture, balance |
| medulla oblongata | connects brain to the spinal cord; regulates many body functions (rhythm, reflexes) consists of ascending/sensory and descending/motor tracts includes pyramids (large motor tracts) |
| reticular formation | small bundles of myelinated white matter on brain stem |
| neural cortex | layer of gray matter on the surfaces of the cerebrum and cerebellum that covers underlying white matter |
| ventricles | expansions of the central passageway of the brain |
| folds of dura mater | falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli |
| blood brain barrier | isolates neural tissue from the general circulation made of tight junctions includes astrocytes |
| functions of cerebrospinal fluid | cushions delicate neural structures; supports the brain; transports nutrients, chemical messengers and waste products |
| choroids plexus | site of cerebrospinal production |
| via the lateral aperature and a median aperature | how does CSF reach subarachnoid space |
| diffusion across the arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus | how does CSF return to the venous circulation |
| longitudinal fissure | separates the two cerebral hemispheres |
| occipital lobe | visceral cortex |
| primary motor cortex | located in the precentral gyrus; directs voluntary movements |
| primary sensory cortex | located in the postcentral gyrus; receives somatic sensory information from touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature receptors |
| association areas | cntrol our ability to understand sensory information |
| axons within central white matter | association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers |
| commissural fibers | tracts connecting the two cerebral hemispheres |
| projection fibers | tracts that link the cerebrum with other regions of the brain and spinal cord |
| diencephalons | provide the switching and relay centers necessary to integrate the sensory and motor pathways |
| epithalamus | contains the hormone-secreting pineal gland; forms the roof of the diencephalons |
| thalamus | principal and final relay point for ascending sensory information and coordinates voluntary and involuntary somatic motor activities |
| hypothalamus | contains important control and integrative centers. it can CONTROL involuntary somatic control activities, autonomic function, and circadian cycles of activity; COORDINATE activities of nervous and endocrine systems, voluntary and autonomic functions; REGULATE body temperature; PRODUCE emotions and behavioral drives; SECRETE hormones |
| nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus | processing centers of the medulla oblongata |
| olivary nuclei | relay information from the spinal cord, cerebral cortex, and brain stem to cerebellar cortex |
| reflex centers of the medulla oblongata | control or adjust the activities of the peripheral systems |
| divisions of cerebellar hemispheres | anterior and posterior lobes, vermis, flocculonodular lobes |
| neural circuits of neuronal pools show | divergence, convergence, serial processing, parallel processing, reverberation |
| contents of medulla oblongata | nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus, olivari nuclei, reflex centers, cardiovascular centers, respiratory rhythmicity center |
| olfactory tract | NI; carries sensory information responsible for sense of smell |
| optic nerve | NII; carries visual information from the special sensory receptors in the eyes |
| oculomotor nerve | NIII; primary source of innervation for the extra-ocular eye muscles that move the eyeball |
| trochlear nerve | NIV; smallest cranial nerve, innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye |
| trigeminal nerve | NV; largest cranial nerve, is a mixed nerve with ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches and its motor neurons originate in the pons |
| abducens nerve | NVI; innervates the sixth extrinsic oculomotor muscle, the lateral rectus |
| facial nerve | NVII; mixed nerve that controls muscles of the scalp and face. provides sensations over the face and receives taste information from the tongue. |
| vestibulocochlear nerve | NVIII; contains the vestibular nerve, which monitors sensations of balance, position, movement and the cochlear nerve, which monitors hearing receptors |
| glossopharyngeal nerve | NIX; mixed nerve that innervates the tongue and pharynx and controls the action of swallowing |
| vagus nerve | NX; mixed nerve that is vital to the autonomic control of visceral function and has a variety of motor components. the only cranial nerve that leaves the head and neck region |
| accessory nerve | NXI; has an internal branch which innervates voluntary swallowing muscles of the soft palate and pharynx, and an external branch, which controls muscles associated with the pectoral girdle |
| hypoglossal nerve | NXII; provides voluntary motor control over tongue movements |
| types of neuroglia in CNS | astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells |
| functions of astrocytes | maintain blood-brain barrier, provide structural support for CNS, regulation ion and nutrient concentrations, perform repairs to stabilize the tissue and prevent further injury |
| functions of interoceptors | monitor digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, reproductive and urinary systems |
| types of receptors | exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors |
| locations of synapse occurrance | dendrite, cell body, axon |
| diencephalon | Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, subthalamus |
| Thalamus | pain, temp, pressure, regulates autonomic activites and maintains consciousness |
| hypothal | controls autonomic - regulates smooth, cardiac muscle controls pit gland regulates circadian cycle, satiety, emotions/behavior hormones |
| epithal | pineal gland secretes melatonin emotional response to odors |
| basal ganglia | muscle tone |
| limbic system | donut around upper brain stem and corpus callosum "emotional brain" contains hippocampus damage causes memory loss |
| SEnsory areas of cortex | SVAGO somatosensory visual auditory gustatory (taste) olfactory |
| Motor areas of cortex | motor Broca's speech |
| Left hemisphere | reasoning numerical/scientific sign language spoken/written word |
| Right hemisphere | musical/artistic space and pattern perception face recognition emotional content to language odor discrimination |
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