| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Vertical groups | 8 main groups of the periodic table; contain the same number of electrons in the outershell for each group |
| Horizontal groups | 7 groups of elements on the periodic table with the same number electron shells (but with different properties) |
| Octet rule | Rule stating that atoms are most chemically stable when it's outer shell contains eight electrons |
| Ionic bonding | Occurs mostly in elements where one element contains 1 outer shell electron and the other contains 7 outer shell electrons; sodium will readily give up outer electron to acheive stable "8" while chlorine will readily take "e" to achieve stable "8" |
| Covalent bonding | Involves the sharing of the outer orbital electrons to achieve the balance of eight |
| New element | Lose or gain a proton |
| Isotope | Lose or gain a neutron |
| Ion | Lose or gain electron |
| Energy | Ability to do work |
| Radiation | Energy emitted and transferred through matter (e.g. heat, light) |
| Law of Conservation | Energy can not be created or destroyed but may be transformed from one for to another; e=mc^2 |
| Mechanical energy | Kinetic energy, potential energy; measured in joules |
| Joule | Unit of measurement for mechanical energy |
| Potential energy | Stored energy |
| Kinetic energy | Energy in motion |
| Chemical energy | Energy released during and chemical reaction, e.g. battery |
| Electrical energy | Energy resulting from the movement of electrons, e.g. light bulb |
| Nuclear energy | Energy stored in the nucleus which holds the particles in tight bond, e.g. bomb, power plant |
| Electromagnetic energy | Form of energy resulting from electrical and magnetic disturbances in space, e.g. light, x-ray, radio |
| Thermal | Energy resulting fromt he motion of atoms in molecules; the greater the motion, the greater the _______ energy; i.e. heat; measured by temperature |
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