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normal volume hypernatremia seen in persons who have inadequate water intake and are pulling intracellular water intravascularly E.G., increased insensiblewater loss cvostek this sign is contraction of facial muscles from a tap in front of the ear acute tubular necrosis destruction of tubule epithelial with acute suppression of renal function, causes include ischemia, drugs, obstruction and toxins renal tubular acidosis a proximal disorder affecting bicarbonate reabsportion hyponatremia symptom of SIADH hypernatremia this electrolyte imbalance may be associated with normal, decreased, or increased serum volume tubulointerstitial disorders damage to nephron tubule isotonic fluid volume excess usually the result of a disease condition, almost always from an increase in total body sodium accompanied by porportional water body increase, most commonly from disease in kidney, symptoms include weight gain over short period and edema magnesmia 0.70-1.25 S1 to S4 sacral neural bladder control hypokalemia symptoms includes anorexia, nausea, vomiting, postural hypotension hypovolemic hypernatremia indicates a marked loss of fluids, with water being lost at a greater rate than sodium E.g., diarrhea (particularly in children); elderly with poor water intake, profuse sweating natremia 135-145 phosphatemia 0.8-1.45 acute nephritic syndrome has sudden onset, result of inflammatory process and damaged capillary walls isotonic fluid volume deficit when water and electrolytes are lost in isotonic proportions, almost always from loss of body fluids, often accompanied by decrease in fluid intake hypokalemia causes include inadequate intake, excessive GI, renal and skin losses acute respiratory acidosis caused by decreased respiratory drive, lung disease, disorders of chest wall and respiratory muscles pelvic which nerve innervates the detrusor hyponatermia symptoms include muscle cramps, weakness, fatigue, headache, lethargy, disorientation, confusion, gross motor weakness, seizure and coma hypercalcemia symptoms include changes in neural excitability, smooth and cardiac muscle functioning, behavioral changes, arrhythmias nephrotic syndrome massive proteinuria and lipiduria, largest loss is albumin hyperphosphatemia causes include failure of kidneys to excrete, accompanied by decrease in plasma calcium prerenal area of acute failure caused by hypovolemia, hemorrhage, dehydration, decreased vascular filling, heart failure, shock, decreased renal perfusion due to sepsis, vasoactive mediators, drugs 7.35-7.45 normal body pH rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis acute renal disease with no specific cause flaccid bladder with impaired emptying from disordered sacral and peripheral nerves that control the detrusor muscle contractions hyperkalemia symptoms include SOB, paresthesia, generalized weakness, heart problems 275 to 295 normal blood plasma osmolality