Kozier Chapter 44 Activity and Exercise
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53 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Active ROM exercises | isotonic exercises in which the client moves each joint in the body through its complete range, maximally stretching all muscle groups within each plane over the joint |
| Activity tolerance | the type and amount of exercise or daily activities an individual is able to perform |
| Activity-exercise pattern | refers to a person's pattern of exercise, activity, leisure, and recreation |
| Aerobic exercise | any activity during which the body takes in more or an equal amount of oxygen than it expends |
| Ambulation | the act of walking |
| Anabolism | a process in which simple substances are converted by the body cells into more complex substances (e.g., building tissue, positive nitrogen balance) |
| Anaerobic exercise | involves activity in which the muscles cannot draw out enough oxygen from the blood stream; used in endurance training |
| Ankylosed | permanently immobile joints |
| Anorexia | lack of appetite |
| Atrophy | wasting away; decrease in size of organ or tissue (e.g., muscle) |
| Base of support | the area on which an object rests |
| Bed rest | strict confinement to bed (complete bed rest), or the client may be allowed to use a bedside commode or have bathroom privileges |
| Calculi | renal stones |
| Catabolism | a process in which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances (e.g., breakdown of tissue) |
| Center of gravity | the point at which the mass (weight) of the body is centered |
| Contracture | permanent shortening of a muscle and subsequent shortening of tendons and ligaments |
| Crepitation | (1) a dry, crackling sound like that of crumpled cellophane, produced by air in the subcutaneous tissue or by air moving through fluid in the alveoli of the lungs; (2) a crackling, grating sound produced by bone rubbing against bone |
| Dorsal position | back-lying position without a pillow |
| Dorsal recumbent position | a back-lying position with the head and shoulders slightly elevated |
| Embolus | a blood clot (or a substance such as air) that has moved from its place of origin and is causing obstruction to circulation elsewhere (plural: emboli) |
| Exercise | a type of physical activity; a planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness |
| Flaccid | weak or lax |
| Fowler's position | a bed sitting position with the head of the bed raised to 45 degrees |
| Gait | the way a person walks |
| High Fowler's position | a bed-sitting position in which the head of the bed is elevated 90 degrees |
| Hypertrophy | enlargement of a muscle or organ |
| Isokinetic (resistive) exercise | muscle contraction or tension against resistance |
| Isometric (static or setting) exercise | tensing of a muscle against an immovable outer resistance, which does not change muscle length or produce joint motion |
| Isotonic (dynamic) exercise | exercise in which muscle tension is constant and the muscle shortens to produce muscle contraction and active movement |
| Lateral position | a side-lying position |
| Line of gravity | an imaginary vertical line running through the center of gravity |
| Logrolling | a technique used to turn a client whose body must at all times be kept in straight alignment (like a log) |
| Lordosis | an exaggerated concavity in the lumbar region of the vertebral column |
| Low Fowler's position | a bed-sitting position in which the head of the bed is elevated between 15 and 45 degrees, with or without knee flexion |
| Mobility | ability to move about freely, easily, and purposefully in the environment |
| Orthopneic position | a sitting position to relieve respiratory difficulty in which the client leans over and is supported by an overbed table across the lap |
| Pace | number of steps taken per minute or the distance taken in one step when walking |
| Passive ROM exercises | another person moves each of the client's joints through its complete range of movement, maximally stretching all muscle groups within each plane over each joint |
| Physical activity | bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure and produces progressive health benefits |
| Prone position | face-lying position, with or without a small pillow |
| Range of motion (ROM) | the degree of movement possible for each joint |
| Semi-Fowler's position | see low Fowler's position |
| Sims' position | side-lying position with lowermost arm behind the body and uppermost leg flexed |
| Spastic | describing the sudden, prolonged involuntary muscle contractions of clients with damage to the central nervous system |
| Supine position | see Dorsal position |
| Thrombus | a solid mass of blood constituents in the circulatory system; a clot (plural: thrombi) |
| Tripod (triangle) position | the proper standing position with crutches; crutches are placed about 15 cm (6 in) in front of the feet and out laterally about 15 cm (6 in), creating a wide base of support |
| Urinary incontinence | a temporary or permanent inability of the external sphincter muscles to control the flow of urine from the bladder |
| Urinary reflux | backward flow of urine |
| Urinary retention | the accumulation of urine in the bladder and inability of the bladder to empty itself |
| Urinary stasis | stagnation of urinary flow |
| Valsalva maneuver | forceful exhalation against a closed glottis, which increases intrathoracic pressure and thus interferes with venous blood return to the heart |
| Vital capacity | the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalationa |
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