1.
adenectomy: removal of a gland
2.
adrenal cortex: outer section (cortex) of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
3.
adrenal medulla: The inner portion of the adrenal gland. It secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
4.
adrenalectomy: removal of the adrenal gland
5.
adrenaline (epinephrine): secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates airways (sympathomimetic). "fight or flight" response
6.
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary gland; stimulates adrenal cortex
7.
adrenopathy: disease of the adrenal gland
8.
aldosterone: Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt (sodium) reabsorption.
9.
androgen: male hormone responsible for developing and maintaining male secondary sex characteristics
10.
androgen: Male hormone secreted by the testes and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex; testosterone is an example.
11.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH): secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), ADH (vasopressin) increases reabsorbtion of water by the kidney
12.
calcitonin: secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels
13.
corticosteroids: hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex. examples are cortisol (raises sugar levels), aldosterone (raises salt reabsorption by kidneys), and androgens and estrogens (sex hormones)
14.
cortisol: Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar. It is secreted in times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect.
15.
diabetes mellitus: lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells
16.
electrolyte: mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells; potassium, sodium, and calcium
17.
endocrine glands: gland that releases its secretions directly into the bloodstream
18.
endocrinologist: Medical specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders.
19.
estradiol: estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovaries
20.
estrogen: female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex
21.
estrogenic: pertaining to producing female characteristics
22.
euthyroid: normal functioning of the thyroid gland
23.
exocrine glands: glands that send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body
24.
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production of eggs by the ovaries and sperm by the testes.
25.
glucagon: secreted by alpha islet cells of the pancreas; increases blood sugar by conversion of glycogen (starch) to glucose
26.
glycemic: pertaining to blood sugar
27.
glycogen: Animal starch; glycogen is broken down (glycogenolysis) to produce sugar (glucose).
28.
glycosuria: sugar in urine
29.
gonadotropin: hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and acting on the ovaries or testes
30.
growth hormone (GH) somatotropin: secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues
31.
homeostasis: tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment
32.
hormonal: pertaining to hormone
33.
hormone: substance, secreted by an endocrine gland, that travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland
34.
hypercalcemia: High levels of calcium in the blood
35.
hypercalciuria: High levels of calcium in urine.
36.
hyperglycemia: high levels of sugar in the blood
37.
hyperkalemia: high levels of potassium in the blood
38.
hyperparathyroidism: excessive production of parathormone
39.
hyperthyroidism: overactivity of the thyroid; thyrotoxicosis
40.
hypocalcemia: low levels of calcium in the blood
41.
hypoglycemia: low levels of sugar in the blood
42.
hypogonadism: Deficient functioning of the gonads (ovaries or testes).
43.
hypoinsulinism: increased secretion of insulin from the beta islet cells of the pancreas
44.
hypokalemia: low levels of potassium in the blood
45.
hyponatremia: low levels of sodium in the blood
46.
hypoparathyroidism: deficient production of parathyroid hormone
47.
hypophysectomy: removal of pituitary gland
48.
hypopituitarism: Deficient secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.
49.
hypothyroidism: underactivity of the thyroid gland
50.
insulin: secreted by beta islet cells of the pancreas. helps glucose to pass into cells, and it promotes the conversionof glucose to glucagon
51.
luteinizing hormone (LH): secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males
52.
melatonin: hormone that functions to support the body's biological clock and helps to induce sleep
53.
myasthenia gravis: autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles
54.
myxedema: hypofunctioning of the thyroid gland in adults
55.
norepinephrine: Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure (sympathomimetic).
56.
oxytocin (OT): Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth.
57.
pancreas: located behind the stomach. islet (alpha and beta) cells (islets of langerhans) secrete hormones from this. contains cells that are exocrine in function. they secrete enzymes, via a duct into the small intestine to aid digestion.
58.
pancreatectomy: excision of the pancreas
59.
panhypopituitarism: deficiency of all pituitary gland hormones
60.
parathormone (PTH): secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium
61.
parathyroid glands: four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland. some people may have three or five of these.
62.
parathyroidectomy: removal of the parathyroid gland
63.
pineal gland: located in the center of the brain, functioning to secrete melatonin
64.
pituitary gland (hypophysis): Located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).
65.
polydipsia: excessive thirst
66.
progesterone: secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy
67.
prolactin (PRL): Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); promotes milk secretion.
68.
receptor: cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited
69.
somatotropin (STH): secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); growth hormone
70.
steroid: Complex substance related to fats (derived from a sterol, such as cholesterol), and of which many hormones are made.
71.
target tissue: cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones
72.
testosterone: male hormone secreted by the testes
73.
thymosin: is important in the development of immune responses in newborns. (large in childhood, but shrinks in adulthood). removal of this gland is helpful in treating a muscular-neurological disorder called myasthenia gravis.
74.
thymus gland: located behind the sternum in the mediastinum, resembles a lymph gland structure
75.
thyroid gland: located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine
76.
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin: Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis). TSH acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning. Note:TSH is not secreted by the thyroid gland.
77.
thyroiditis: inflammation of the thyroid gland
78.
thyrotoxicosis: hyperthyroidism (overactivity of the thyroid gland)
79.
thyrotropic hormone: hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones
80.
thyroxine (T4): Secreted by the thyroid gland; also called tetraiodothyronine. increases body metabolism
81.
triiodothyronine (T3): secreted by the thyroid gland; stimulates body metabolism
