| Term | Definition |
|---|
| 80% | how many males are affected by SCI |
| MVA's (37%) | what are the most common causes of SCI |
| Acts of violence (27%) | what are the most common cause of SCI |
| Falls (21%) | what are the most common cause of SCI |
| C1, C2, C5-7, T12-L2 | what are the areas most susceptible to SCI |
| Halo traction | how are cervical fractures treated |
| Surgical fusion | how are cervical fractures treated |
| Hard collar immobilization | how are cervical fractures treated |
| 6-12 weeks | how long is halo traction used |
| 6-8 weeks | how long is hard collar immobilization used |
| Internal fixation and external bracing | how are unstable thoracolumbar fractures treated |
| Flaccidity and absent reflexes | with spinal shock what occurs in the first several hours/days following injury |
| Spasticity | what occurs following flaccidity and absent reflexes following injury |
| Tetraplegia | what is complete or partial paralysis of all four limb, the trunk and the respiratory muscles |
| Cervical | with tetraplegia where does the lesion occur |
| Paraplegia | what is partial or complete paralysis of all or part of the trunk and both LE's |
| Thoracic or lumbar spinal cord or sacral roots | with paraplegia where does the lesion occur |
| Minimal sensory or motor function | with complete lesion how much sensory and motor function are below the level of the lesion |
| Up to 3 segments below the level of injury | what is the zone of partial preservation |
| Complete cord transection | what are causes of complete lesion |
| Extensive vascular compromise | what are causes of complete lesion |
| Severe compression | what are causes of complete lesion |
| Some sensory or motor function | how much sensory and motor function are below the level of the lesion |
| Partial cord transaction | what are causes of incomplete lesion |
| Contusion | what are causes of incomplete lesion |
| Pressure from swelling or displaced tissue | what are causes of incomplete lesion |
| > 50% | what % of SCI are incomplete |
| Sacral sparing | what type of incomplete lesion is centrally located sacral tracts are spared (sacral tracts run most centrally) |
| "Saddle area" | where does the sensation remain with sacral sparing |
| Active contraction of the toe flexors | what motion are you able to do with sacral sparing |
| Normal | with sacral sparing how are bowel, bladder and sexual function |
| Brown-Sequard Syndrome | what type of incomplete lesion is (1/2 right and 1/2 left) hemisection or partial hemisection of the cord |
| Stab wounds or GSW | what is usually the cause of Brown-Sequard Syndrome |
| Ipsilateral loss of proprioception, vibration & strength | what happens with Brown-Sequard Syndrome |
| Contralateral loss of pain & temperature | what happens with Brown-Sequard Syndrome |
| Good chance | with Brown-Sequard syndrome what is the chance for recovery and indep ADL function |
| Anterior Cord Syndrome | what is injury to the anterior spinal cord |
| Cervical spine flexion injuries | what usually causes Anterior Cord syndrome |
| Bilateral loss of motor funciton and pain & temperature below the lesion | what happens with Anterior Cord Syndrome |
| Light touch, proprioception and vibration | what is usually preserved with Anterior Cord Syndrome |
| Central Cord Syndrome | what is injury to the center of the spinal cord |
| Hyperextension injury to the cervical spine | what causes Central Cord Syndrome |
| Compression from degenerative stenosis (most common) | what causes Central Cord Syndrome |
| UE affected more | what happens with Central Cord Syndrome |
| Pain and temperature sensation lost first | what happens with Central Cord Syndrome |
| Bowel & Bladder remain | what happens with Central Cord Syndrome |
| Cauda Equina Lesion | what is like a LMN lesion symptoms |
| Cauda Equina Lesion | what is direct trauma from a fracture to L1 or below |
| Flaccidity, areflexia | what are symptoms of Cauda Equina Lesion |
| No bowel and bladder control | what are symptoms of Cauda Equina Lesion |
| Pinching, poking and stroking | what are ways of getting bowel and bladder function to start |
| A | with the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale what is complete |
| B-D | with the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale what is incomplete |
| E | with the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale what is normal |
| Diaphragm (C3-5) | what are the primary muscles of inspiration |
| External Intercostals (all thoracic levels) | what are the primary muscles of inspiration |
| SCM (CN XI & C2-3) | what are the accessory muscles |
| Upper trap (CN XI & C3-4) | what are the accessory muscles |
| Scalenes (C2-7) | what are the accessory muscles |
| Pecoralis minor (C8-T1) | what are the accessory muscles |
| Serratus anterior (C6-7) | what are the accessory muscles |
| Levator (C4-5) | what are the accessory muscles |
| Abdominal muscle tone | what is needed for effective relaxed expiration and coughing |
| Abdominals (T7-12) | what are the primary muscles of expiration |
| Internal intercostals (all thoracic levels) | what are the primary muscles of expiration |
| Lesions above the cauda equina | with sexual function lesion where allow reflexive function |
| Lesions above the cauda equina | with sexual function lesion where responds to physical stimulation |
| Lesion of the cauda equina | with sexual function lesion where allow for psychogenic stimulation |
| Lesion of the cauda equina | with sexual function lesion where requires cognitive control |
| UTI | what is the most frequent complication of SCI |
| S2-4 | reflex control for bowel and bladder comes from a lesion where |
| S2-4 | lesions where result in a spastic or reflexive bladder |
| Cauda equina | flaccid bladder comes from a lesion where |
| Increase intra-abcominal pressure (valsalva or Crede Maneuver/manual pressure) | how do empty the bladder with a lesion of the cauda equina |
| Autonomic Dysreflexia (injury above T6) | what are secondary complications of SCI |
| Postural/Orthostatic Hypotension (BP must stay > 70/40) | what are secondary complications of SCI |
| Pressure sores | what are secondary complications of SCI |
| Contractures (should spend at least 20 min/day in prone position) | what are secondary complications of SCI |
| DVT (greatest risk first two months) | what are secondary complications of SCI |
| Osteoporosis and kidney stones (Ca+ from bones is absorbed by kidneys) | what are secondary complications of SCI |
| Pain & Heterotropic ossificans | what are secondary complications of SCI |
| From initial trauma & secondary injuries (shoulder) | what are types of pain associated with secondary complications |
| Nerve root pain | what are types of pain associated with secondary complications |
| Spinal cord dysesthesia (similar to phantom pain) | what are types of pain associated with secondary complications |
| Noxious stimuli: UTI, spasticity, bowel impaction, smoking | what cause spinal cord dysethesia |
| Heterotropic ossificans | what is bone formation in soft tissues below level of lesion |
| Unknown | what causes heterotrophic ossificans |
| Hips or knees | where does heterotrophic ossificans usually occur |
| Redness, swelling, warmth & decreased ROM | what are signs of heterotrophic ossificans |
| Ankylosis (20%) | what can heterotrophic ossificans lead to |
| Meds, ROM, surgery | how do you treat heterotrophic ossificans |
| Velocity | spasticity is dependent on what |
| Cervical and incomplete lesions | what is spasticity greatest with |
| Noxious stimuli | what is spasticity increased with |
Combine with other sets
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