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Imperialism; South America; transportation; trade; markets The search for new lands and colonies for super power countries like Britain, Spain, and America to own; Parts of Africa, Asia, and _____ ________ cane under European and US control, especially the Britsh Empire; fueled by better ____________, a return of worldwide _____, and a desire for foreign ________ for raw materials To gain more naval bases; to acquire land for fueling stations for trade purposes; would give the US more power in the world; was American duty to spread democracy and Christianity; racial superiority (Our Country by Josiah Strong) Reasons imperialists claimed America should expand Spain; Cuba; José Martí; New York; Valeriano Weyler; butcher When the Monroe Doctrine was drafted, the ______ were the only world power grandfathered in, by already owning several Latin American countries; in the 1800s they owned ___ but their power was declining; rebellions occurred and as a result the Spanish exiled the leaders, including ___ ____, a poet who was went to __ ____ before returning to Cuba for another unsuccessful uprising; media attention for him led to public sympathy that gave him status as a martyr when he died in 1895; 200,000 Cubans were killed in the next 2 years by the army under Spanish general _________ _______, who become nicknamed "the ________" by news sources William Randolph Hearst; World; war Two New York newspapers that competed to bring news of the Cuban atrocities were 'Journal', published by ________ _________ _______, and Joseph Pulitzer's _______; Hearst sent an artist, ________ __________, to Cuba to draw about what horrors he saw there; when he reported back that there was nothing to draw about, Hearst told him to stay and said, "You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the ____" William McKinley; Enrique Dupuy de Lome; fire in a coal bin; The President at the time was ________ _________, a Civil War veteran who wished not to add another war to his life; but when 'Journal' released a letter written by Spain's minister ________ ______ __ ______ and taken by a Cuban spy that criticized the president as weak and a crowd-pleaser, McKinley realized he couldn't back down or risk supporting the claim; then the ship US battleship _____ that was in Cuba trying to rescue Americans and investments, was blown up, with ____ sailors dead; media outlets screamed of Spanish interference, though later the source of the explosion was found to be ____________; McKinley soon asked Congress to declare war - - Teller Amendment Allowed America to have a ready excuse in order to enact war with Spain and invade Cuba; left sovereignty, jurisdiction, and control of Cuba to the country, and promised that Americans would promptly let the government rule after the war Spanish- American War; Theodore Roosevelt; George Dewey; Philippine Islands; Manila; Emilio Aguinaldo; malaria; Santiago; El Caney; San Juan Hill; Rough Riders; 4000; Guam The war between Spain and America that was set off due to many reasons; before the war, _________ __________, as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (and without permission), sent out a broadcast to US Asiatic Sea Naval commander and Commodore ______ ______ in Hong Kong to ready his ships for battle in first battles, occurred in the __________ _______; to take the Philippine city ______, the fleet teamed up with rebels under _______ ___________; Cuba was a different story, with regular troops not ready for land battles, soldiers untrained and inexperienced, food malfunctions, heavy wool uniforms, heavy rains, the heat, and ________; US troops attacked the city ________ by trying to gain the hill locations ___ _____ and ___ ____ ____, from which they could shoot the Spanish; Teddy Roosevelt, now a Lieutenant, led 1000 army men consisting of many athletes, miners, cowboys, Native Americans, ranchers, and adventurers to San Juan Hill; the '_____ ______', without horses, walked through gunfire, with African American cavalries clearing the way; after the taking of Santiago, and with ______ losses, the Spanish surrendered, giving Cuba independence, the Pacific island ____ to America, and the Philippines to the US for $20 million Annex; Philippines; Anti-Imperialist League To assume control; the US fiercely argued if they should do this to the __________, or any other foreign country; imperialist supporters argued for business reasons and that keeping Europeans from ruling the Philippines would be best; anti-imperialists created the ____-_________ _________, and were outraged at the imperialists for wanting to strip away the independence of the native people and defy American values; Senate decided in a narrow vote to annex President; concentration camps; 500,000 Emilio Aguinaldo didn't want his nation (he was now __________ of the republic) to trade hands from Spain to the US; he launched a rebellion that continued after he was captured, and US troops set up _____________ _______ that resulted in ________ Philippine lives lost Philippine Government Act (Organic Act); William Howard Taft; roads; tariffs Congress' act to set up a new gov. for the Philippines, with a governor (US- picked) and legislature (the upper house picked by the US); the act promised that Filipinos could elect the legislature's lower house at a time of peace; the first governor was _______ _______ _____, who created public schools, _____, railroads, and an improved medical and sanitation system there; trade with the US expanded with a reduce in _______ Jones Act of 1916 This act allowed Filipinos to elect both houses of legislature, though independence couldn't be declared until a stable gov. had been formed; this finally occurred in 1946 Hawaii; China; Kalakaua; Hawaiian League; Bayonet Constitution; hold office; Pearl Harbor The US had its eyes on _______, for its proximity to _____ and its location on fertile volcanic land; Protestants were sent in the 1820s to convert the natives to Christianity, and their predecessors became landlords with control over trade and the gov.; the king, _________ tried to restrict US encroachment, to which the _________ ________ was formed sub rosa by businessmen, traders, and farmers, to get the islands annexed by taking the monarchy over; the group had the king sign a constitution, the '_________ ____________', that took away his power and restricted citizen's right to _____ _______; the US then had he king give them ______ _______, to use as a naval base Queen Liliuokalani; British; Committee of Safety Sister of King Kakakaua and next to take the throne of Hawaii following his death, she was a fierce nationalist; as a child she saw Hawaii's monarchy take power back from _______ invasion; in her rule she attempted overriding the 'Bayonet Constitution' with a new one, but annex devotees created the ___________ __ _______, to take control of gov. buildings, shut down the gov., and form a new one; the queen was forced to sign over her country to the temporary gov., which never gave power back to her; she died in Honolulu and was buried in the Royal Mausoleum Empress of China; Japan; Korea Trade began in China when the US ________ __ ______ landed in Guangzhou (Canton); five ports opened afterwords; China declined over the 50 next years, being attacked by ______, who gained Taiwan, the Liaotung Peninsula, and _____; European powers jumped in at the opportunity Spheres of influence Different areas of China where Britain, France, Germany, and Russia forced the crumbling gov. to allow them exclusive trading rights and control of mines and railroads Open Door policy; John Hays; Ports; harbors A rule enacted based on a series of letters written by Secretary of State ____ ____ to foreign countries, stressing fair, equal chances for trade and control in China; because the US felt they would be pushed out of Chinese interactions, the letters asked for: _____ in their spheres of influence being open for all countries, giving CHinese officials the power to collect tariffs/ duties, and allowing all nations to have the same rates for railroads, ______, and tariffs; the lack of an immediate rejection to the plan was enough to have it passed Boxer Rebellion;"Fists of Righteous Harmony (Boxers); Beijing An uprising of the secret Chinese nationalist"_____ __ ________ _________", where they attacked and killed 300 Western missionaries/ traders, including Russians; they were allied by some local officials, and laid siege to a foreign building in _______; international forces rescued the Westerners, and soon John Hays wrote more open door notes, forcing open trade in all of China and the citizens' right to rule; China had to pay $33 million Matthew Perry; Edo Bay; Korea; Russo-Japanese War; Great White Fleet Japan was forced to convert from an isolated island kingdom to a world power after US Commodore ________ ______ sailed into ___ ___ (Tokyo) with warships, showed off Western trinkets and appliances to Japanese rulers and forced them to set up trade with the West; they also warned them to build up power and modernize their country to ward off invasion; Japan rapidly developed its army and ____, took territory from China, and went to war, and won, against Russia for control of Chinese areas, especially ______ and Manchuria, in the _____-____________ ___; Teddy Roosevelt was able to work out a peace treaty between the two nations, though it gave them nothing they wanted; Roosevelt, keenly cautious of Japan, led his war ships on a _____ ______ ______ around the world Leonard Wood; William Gorgas; Carlos Finlay President McKinley established military governments in Cuba and Puerto Rico; in Cuba, General ________ ____ took over as governor, creating schools and sanitations systems, helped by US army doctors Walter Reed and ________ _______, as well as Cuban doctor _______ _______, who discovered that mosquitos spread yellow fever; the general also helped establish the Platt Amendment Platt Amendment; Guantanamo Bay A promise to Cuba to remove US troops if they were not allowed to make _______ with other countries, had to lease/ sell land to the US for fueling stations/ naval bases, and let the US intervene in any national affairs; this allowed the US to set up a naval center at ____________ ___ Protectorate A nation protected by another, often larger and more powerful, country, though this larger nation could also intervene in the other's affairs; Cuba became this to the US Puerto Rico; no; Foraker Act US ruled ______ _____ as a territory like the Philippines and Samoa, but were the citizens subject to the same rights?; the Supreme Court said ___; Congress could choose what laws to apply to the people, one of which was the ________ ___, making the Puerto Rican upper legislature house and governor positions voted by the US, and granting them right to vote the lower house Jones Act of 1917; commonwealth A US law created to make Puerto Ricans American citizens, who could now elect the upper house; Puerto Rico started self- rule in 1952, as a US ___________ Canal; sailing around Cape Horn was long and dangerous, to protect Western territories from invasion, to quickly move in times of war, and to benefit trade; Reasons to build a _____ in Panama Isthmus of Panama; Clayton-Bulwer Treaty; Roosevelt; Hay-Pauncefote Treaty; Hay-Herrán Treaty; Republic of Colombia In 1517, Vasco Núñez de Balboa suggested a canal on the _______ __ _______; the US and Britain created the _______-_______ ______, for a partnership in establishing such canal, which they didn't create; the French started one, but several factors rendered the project dead; _________ got Secretary of State John Hay to make the ___-_________ ______, where Britain gave US all the rights to build/ control the canal as long as they kept it open at all times; he then created the ___-_______ ______, in which the US payed $10 million and yearly rent to use the Isthmus, to give to the _________ __ ________, who ruled Panama; but they held out for better policies, enraging Roosevelt, who called the measures blackmail Philippe Bunau-Varilla; Nashville; Hay-Vunau-Varilla Treaty Panama leaders who wanted Roosevelt's canal created planned a revolt, including French chief engineer for the previous French canal attempt, ______ ______-______; he talked to Roosevelt in secrecy in DC soon, and though what they said is not known, a month later the US ship ________ came into Panama, and the next day a rebellion began; the takeover was successful and Panama became an independent nation, with the US negotiating with it for the Isthmus with the ___-______-_______ Treaty, giving them full ownership of the land Yellow fever; John F. Stevens; swamps; oil; British West Indies; locks; Continental Divide; 6000 Problems with the Panama Canal contraction included harsh working climate, shortages, and ______ ______; Roosevelt hired ____ _ ______ to lead the project, and Dr. William Gorgas purified drinking water, screened buildings, and drained _______ and put ___ in water bodies to rid of mosquitos; with 43,000 workers, many from the _______ ____ _______, the canal made progress, with a new plan of elevated _____ and waterways instead of constructing it at sea level; the team split into 3, two working on each end and the third dynamiting through ____________ _______, dangerous due to avalanches created by environmental factors and work; with _______ lives lost and $366 million spent, the canal was finished Raw materials; consumers; Venezuelan; Monroe Doctrine Latin America promised ___ ________ and ___________ for European nations and America, who proceeded to hand out high-interest bank loans; Latin America had significant trouble in repaying the loans, leading to other countries stepping in; in 1902, Britain, German, and Italy targeted ___________ ships and ports for an unpaid loan; Roosevelt threatened to uphold the ________ __________ if these countries did not cease their actions Roosevelt Corollary; Dominican Republic; intervene; international police officer; softly; big stick; customs duties An addition to the Monroe Doctrine when the ___________ ________ couldn't repay a loan; it was directed to Latin American countries and promised to _________ should they fail to uphold good actions; Roosevelt became somewhat of an "_____________ ______ _______", to some relief and others' anger; he was practicing the African proverb: "Speak ______ and carry a ___ _____..."; Roosevelt had the republic accept US help, whose goal was to stop European encroachment in the area; the US took all of the republic's _______ ______ and gave half to foreign creditors; later, the US sent their marines there; some Latino countries refused US help and tried using their own voice to restrict debt collection of foreign powers Economic influence; dollar diplomacy; Nicaragua; Haiti William Taft wanted to use ________ ________ rather than force to protect interests; he created the ______ __________, to increase US economic influence to keep Europe from intervening; __________ became the test subject of the principle, where he sent millions of dollars and later the marines to disperse a revolt; Woodrow Wilson's plan was to institute _________ in Latin America; he pushed marines into Caribbean islands to put down rebellions and create new governments, to keep Germans from taking over, and had a revolt in _____ put down that led to the US taking control of it Porfirio Díaz; mining; railroad President of Mexico who had the support of wealthy landowners and dangled privileges to foreign investors, like the US, who took over much of the ______ business; this helped in areas like the creation of a ________, but lower class workers and peasants gained nothing of the money given to Díaz's friends and investors; peasants actually had land taken away, leading to mass poverty Fransisco Madero; democracy When Díaz used his power and corruption to win against opponent __________ ______, the lower and middle class joined under Madero for a rebellion, forcing Díaz into exile in Paris; though Madero wanted a __________, revolutionaries wanted more land given to peasants while traditionalists wanted to restore the old system Henry Lane Wilson; Victoriano Huerta; Woodrow Wilson The US ambassador _____ ____ ______ didn't believe Francisco Madero would uphold American interests in Mexico, and had rebellious groups against Madero meet to plan overthrowing him; wealthy landowners and foreign investors led by General ___________ ______ took the government and killed Madero 'accidentally' after putting him in jail; these events disappointed President _________ _________ Venustiano Carranza; Francisco "Pancho" Villa; Emiliano Zapata; Álvaro Obregón; USS Dolphin; US flag raised; salute; Veracruz; Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Spain A civil war started between Huerta and 4 other revolting armies led by ___________ ________, __________ "_______" ______, __________ ________, and _______ _________; they didn't fight together and some were even enemies; when Huerta's forces arrested US sailors on the ____ ________, which had docked for supplies, Wilson pursued the matter even when the crew was returned uninjured; he and the admiral demanded an apology and that there be a public ceremony with the __ ____ _______ and a ______, the latter of which Huerta refused; then, when Germans were shipping arms to Huerta at the port ________, he had the marines take the custom house there and refuse the arms, before Congress could act on a decision; when ___________, ______, and ______ ("ABC powers") met at Niagara Falls, they got Huerta, whose troops were crumbling under him, to resign and move to ______; the civil war of Mexico continued Venusiano Carranza; ranch Now ______________ ________ was president of Mexico, which the US recognized when he promised to keep American interests alive; he was gentlemanly in appearance, older, and from Coahuila; he had been a wealthy ______ owner and officer of Díaz until he joined with Huerta to overthrow him; he then helped to rid of Huerta with his political and military talent Pancho Villa; Columbus; John J. Pershing; Chihuahua ______ _____ came up with a plan to hurt American/ Mexican relations; his men raided/ burned __________ in New Mexico, killing a few Americans and many more Mexicans; his hopes that Wilson would intervene came true- the President, without permission, ordered the military, with General _____ _ _________ leading, to track down Villa; a massive force went to Villa's hometown, __________, where Villa narrowly escaped, and meanwhile resentment towards US intervention continued US; Mexico; Carrizal; World War I; Álvaro Obregón Pancho Villa's actions almost brought the __ and ________ to war, as Carranza tried to have his army push the Pershing's soldiers back; the two armies met at _______ and when neither refused to back down, they battled; while 150,000 US troops were put on the Mexican border, not many wanted war, considering events that were pushing the US into ______ ___ _; Wilson disengaged and tried to have Carranza adopt a measure to let the US intervene to protect interests there; the Mexican president refused, and Wilson took his troops out anyway; Carranza created a new constitution but was soon killed by more revolutionary forces, this time _______ __________ Manuel Maldonado-Denis; pledge allegiance; US flag; English A Puerto Rican citizen when his nation was under US control; he claimed American values were being enforced onto students, such as having to _____ __________ to the __ _____ in _______ and sing patriotic songs; this assimilation was tied to other issues that made US imperialism a complicated era