HATLEY CHAPTER 28
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36 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Archduke Ferdinand | Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne assassinated at Sarajevo in 1914; precipitated World War I. |
| Western Front | war line between Belgium and Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among combatants. |
| Eastern Front | war zone from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Russians, and Balkan nations fought. |
| Nicholas II | Russian tsar; (r. 1894-1917); executed 1918. |
| Gallipoli | World War I battle, 1915; unsuccessful attempt in defense of the Dardanelles. |
| Italian Front | war line between Italy and Austria-Hungary; also produced trench warfare. |
| Armenian Genocide | launched by Young Turk leaders in 1915; claimed up to one million lives. |
| Submarine Warfare | a major part of the German naval effort against the Allies during World War I; when employed against the United States it precipitated American participation in the war. |
| Armistice | November 11, 1918 agreement by Germans to suspend hostilities. |
| Georges Clemenceau | French premier desiring harsher peace terms for Germans. |
| David Lloyd George | British prime minister; attempted to mediate at peace conference between Clemenceau and Wilson. |
| Woodrow Wilson | American president who called for self-determination and the League of Nations. |
| Treaty of Versailles | ended World War I; punished Germany with loss of territory and payment of reparations; did not satisfy any of the signatories. |
| Leage of Nations | international organization of nations created after World War I; designed to preserve world peace; the United States never joined. |
| Indian National Congress | political party that grew from regional associations of Western-educated Indians in 1885; dominated by elites; was the principal party throughout the colonial period and after independence. |
| B.G. Tilak | first populist leader in India; believed that Indian nationalism should be grounded in the Hindu majority; exiled by the British. |
| Morely-Minto Reforms (1909) | provided Indians with expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and national legislative councils. |
| Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919) | increased national powers of Indian legislators and placed provincial administrations under ministries controlled by Indian-elected legislatures. |
| Rowlatt Act (1919) | placed severe restrictions on Indian civil rights; undercut impact of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms. |
| M.K. Ghandi | Western-educated Indian lawyer and nationalist politician with many attributes of an Indian holy man; stressed nonviolent tactics and headed the movement for Indian independence. |
| Satyagraha | "truth force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British rule. |
| Lord Cromer | British advisor to the Egyptian government; his reform program benefited the elite and foreign merchants, not the mass of Egyptians. |
| Mustafa Kemal, Ataturk | president of Turkey, (r. 1923-1938); responsible for Westernization of Turkey. |
| Effendi | prosperous business and professional urban Egyptian families; generally favored independence. |
| Dinshawi Incident | 1906 fracas between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers that resulted in an accidental Egyptian death; Egyptian protest led to harsh repression that stimulated nationalist sentiment. |
| Hussein | sherif of Mecca; supports British in World War I for promise of independence following the war. |
| Mandates | governments entrusted to victorious European World War I nations over the colonies of the defeated powers |
| Balfour Declaration (1917) | British promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine. |
| Leon Pinsker | European Zionist who believed that Jewish acceptance in Christian nations was impossible; argued for a return to the Jewish Holy Land. |
| Theodor Hertzl | Austrian Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; was unsympathetic to Arabs and promoted Jewish immigration into Palestine to form a Jewish state. |
| ALfred Dreyfus | (1859-1935); French Jew, falsely accused of treason in 1894; acquitted 1906; his false conviction fueled Zionism. |
| Wafd Party | Egyptian nationalist party founded after World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; participated in the negotiations that led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922. |
| W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey | African American leaders with major impact on rising African nationalists. |
| Negritude | literary movement among African Americans and Africans; sought to combat unfavorable stereotypes of African culture and to celebrate African achievements; influenced early African nationalist movements. |
| Léopold S. Senghor, Aimé Césaire, and Léon Damas | African and African American Négriture movement writers. |
| Zionism | European Jewish movement of the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews return to their Holy Land; eventually identified with settlement in Palestine. |
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