| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Electrons | Ionization can occur from exposure of matter to a stream of ________ |
| X, gamma rays | Ionization can occur from exposure of matter to _ or _____ ____ |
| Breakdown | Ionization may occur in radiation emitted by the _________ of radioactive nuclides |
| Cesium, potassium | Ionization may occur due to exposure of ______ or _________ to light liberates electrons. (used in phototiming |
| Chemical | ________ ionization; a.k.a ionic bonding |
| Thermionic emission | Ionization that occurs when increased heat to metal releases electrons from the surface |
| Speed of light | Common property to all EM energies; velocity |
| Speed of light | 3X10^8 m/s, 3X10^10 cm/s, 186,000 m/s |
| Wave particle duality | States that EM radiations have a dual nature; it is necessary to consider them as both waves and as particles of energy |
| Wave theory | EM energies travel through space as waves; often expressed in sine wave pattern |
| Wavelength | The distances between any two successive points on a wave; expressed as lambda |
| Kilometer to angstrom | Unit of measure for wavelength |
| Angstrom | Unit of measure for x-ray wavelength; shorter wavelength indicates higher energy |
| Frequency | Number of waves passing a particular point in a given time frame; # of cycles per second; expressed as nu |
| Hertz | Unit of measure for frequency |
| Low energy | Long wavelength, low frequency |
| High energy | Short wavelength, high frequency |
| Particle Theory | When higher frequency EM interacts with matter, it behaves more like a particle than a wave |
| Photon (quantum) | Bundled energy |
| Directly proportional | Photon energy and frequency of the EM is ________ _________ and expressed as Planck's Quantum Theory; i.e. E = hv (E = photon energy, v = photon frequency, h = Planck's constant) |
| 4.15 x 10^-15 eV | Planck's Constant |
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