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Nervous System Divisions that show similar clinical signs Muscle and Neuromuscular Junction, Peripheral Nerves, Spinal Cord Segments, Brain (Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum, Midbrain, Thalamus,and Cerebrum) What are the clinical signs seen when peripheral nerves are damaged? Paresis, Paralysis, Atrophy of muscles, Decreased sensation to cutaneous zones and decreased or absent reflexes What are the clinical signs seen then the femoral nerve is damaged? Paresis, Paralysis of Quadriceps mm., Loss of sensation to medial aspect of pelvic limb and decreased patellar tenson reflex. 3 functions of the spinal cord 1.Sensory input and motor output for neck, trunk, limbs, and tail 2. Reflexive control of patterned movement and adjustment of glandular activity in response to local afferent input without voluntary control 3. Transmit info to and from brain What structure brings sensory fibers into the brain? Dorsal Roots What structure contains cell bodies of sensory afferent neurons and axons made up of dorsal root and portion of the spinal nerves? Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) What structure brings motor efferent fibers from the cell bodies in the spinal cord to effector structures? Ventral roots What are the 4 branches of the spinal nerve as it emerges from through intervertebral canal? 1. Meningeal = largely sensory 2. Dorsal = Sensory and motor 3. Ventral = Sensory and motor 4. Communicating branches = GVE and GVA Does Grey Matter contain cell bodies? Yes What are the 4 regions of grey matter? Dorsal Horn, Intermediate Zone, Ventral Horn and Lateral Horn Function of the Dorsal Horn within Grey Matter Receive, process and relay afferent info from the dorsal root fibers Function of intermediate zone within grey matter Recruited for production of reflexes, anti gravity support, balance and voluntary movement Function of Ventral Horn within grey matter Motor neurons send axons through ventral root to innervate mm. fibers Function of lateral horn within grey matter Contains cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons Is white matter formed by myelinated or unmyelinated axons? Both myelinated and munmyelinated T/F. White Matter contains dorsal and ventral root fibers. True What are the 3 bilateral column fibers within white matter? 1. Dorsal Funiculi 2. Lateral Funiculi 3. Ventral Funiculi Function of Dorsal Funiculi within white matter? Position and Movement of limbs in space Function of Lateral Funiculi within white matter? Both Ascending sensory and Descending Motor Pathways Function of Ventral Funiculi within white matter? Same as lateral = Both Ascending sensory and Descending Motor Pathways Animal has a lesion within lateral funiculi spinal nerve supplying pelvic limb. What info is lost? Both sensory and Motor T/F. As you move caudally the spinal cord segments continue to line up. False b/c the spinal cord grows @ slower rate than vertebral column In the dog, where does the spinal cord end? End @ L4 before cauda equina begins What are the 6 spinal cord segments? 1.Cranial Cervical Region C1-C5 2. Cervico Thoracic Region C6-T2 3. Thoracolumbar Region T3-L3 4. Lumbosacral Region L4-S2 5. Sacral Region S1-3 6. Caudal Region Cd 1-5 Functions of cranial cervical spinal cord region? Innervation to axial mm and skin of cranial cervical region Functions of cervicothoracic spinal cord region? Innervation of regional axial mm and skin, thoracic limb mm and skin = Brachial plexus * Contain preganglionic sympathetic innervation to eye (T1-3) Functions of thoracolumbar spinal cord region? Innervation of regional mm and skin Preganglionic sympathetic neurons Functions of lumbosacral spnal cord region? Innervation of regional axial mm and skin, skin and mm of pelvic limb = Pelvic Plexus * Partial Supply to bladder and perineum Functions of the sacral spinal cord region? Innervation to perineum, external anal sphincter and parasympathetic preganglion to viscera of pelvis and urinary bladder * Sciatic nerve receives fibers S1-2 What does the cervical spinal cord enlargement (cervical intumescence) contain? Dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves that compose the brachial plexus and attach to the spinal cord segments. * Supplies sensory and motor innervation to the thoracic limb What does the lumbar spinal cord enlargement (Lumbar intumescence) contain? Dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves that compose the pelvic plexus and attach to the spinal cord segments. * Supplies sensory and motor innervation to the pelvic limb