| Term | Definition |
|---|
| controls adipocyte differentiation, agonists improve insulin sensitivity, example of genetic influence on type 2 | PPAR-gamma |
| higher risk of heart disease and stroke, abdominal obesity, blood pressure and LDL up, normal sugar levels | Metabolic syndrome |
| like metabolic syndrome but with high blood sugar levels | Pre-diabetes |
| secrete adipokines, FFA, TNFalpha | Adipocytes |
| total exposure of Hb to glucose over last 120 days, long-term marker for blood sugar control | HbA1c |
| very impermeable, lots of cardiolipin, folds called cristae where ETC and ATP synthase are | Describe inner mitochondrial membrane |
| channels called porins that mak e it permeable, active transport still needed for larger proteins made in the nucleus | Describe the outer mitochondrial membrane |
| between inner and outer membranes, where cytochrome C is | Intermembrane space |
| inside the inner membrane, where CAC proteins, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and DNA are | Matrix |
| electrochemical, acidic and positively charged | Describe the gradient that drives ATP Synthase |
| 4 | How many ATP are formed per turn of ATP synthase? |
| transferase enzyme | How does ATP return to cytoplasm? |
| Malate-aspartate shuttle | How does NAD+ return to cytoplasm? |
| 10:1 | Ideal ratio of ATP:ADP |
| mitochondrial poison that inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | Arsenic |
| mitochondrial poison that inhibits complex 4 of ETC | Cyanide |
| mitochondrial poison that inhibits complex 1 of ETC | Rotenone |
| proton ionophers, mess up the gradient by making membrane more permeable to protons (messes up gradient) | Mitochondrial uncouplers |
| inhibits ATP synthase | Oligomycin |
| Insert into inner membrane and generate more heat, less ATP | Uncoupling proteins |
| in brown fat cells | UCP1 |
| linked to obsesity | UCP2 |
| skeletal muscle and heart | UCP3 |
| brain and testis (may reduce ROS) | UCP4 |
| circular, no histones, diff codon usage, 13 proteins, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs | What is different about mitochondrial DNA? |
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