Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis
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Created by:
zankoku-na-tenshi on September 12, 2009
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The cell respiration and photosynthesis terms for Mrs. T's IB Bio II class. :)
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31 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 ADP | Adenosine diphosphate, similar to ATP, but missing one phosphate |
| Aerobic Respiration | A process for producing ATP from glucose which requires oxygen (for example, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain) |
| Anaerobic Respiration | A process of producing ATP from glucose which does not require oxygen, for example, glycolysis or lactic acid fermentation |
| ATP | A molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules by breaking off one of its phosphates |
| Cellular Respiration | The process of using oxygen and glucose to produce water, carbon dioxide, and ATP |
| Chemiosmosis | A process of producing ATP which uses the energy of hydrogen in gradients across membranes to produce most of the ATP in cells |
| Chlorophyll | The green pigment located in plant cells' chloroplasts that can participate in the light reactions of photosynthesis |
| Chloroplast | An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic proteins, absorbs sunlight and uses it to produce glucose through photosynthesis |
| Cristae | The convoluted, complicated foldings on the inner membranes of the mitochondria |
| Electron Acceptors | An oxidating agent that can easily gain electrons in a redox reaction |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron acceptos that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP |
| Fermentation | A process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain, producing a characteristic end-product such as lactic acid or ethel alcohol |
| Glucose | A six-carbon sugar obtained from food that organisms use to produce ATP through fermentation or cellular respiration |
| Glycolysis | The splitting of glucose into two pyruvates, occurs in all living cells as the starting point to fermentation or aerobic respiration |
| Grana | A stack of thykaloids, involved int he light reactions of photosynthesis |
| Krebs Cycle | 8-step chemical cycle that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide, occurs in the mitochondria, and is the second stage of cellular respiration |
| Lactic Acid | A waste product of fermentation in human cells, can cause muscle fatigue and pain |
| Light-dependent Reactions | Steps of photosynthesis that occur in the thykaloid region of the chloroplasts and need light to proceed |
| Light-independent Reactions | Steps of photosynthesis that require no light and make fixed carbon into glucose; includes the Calvin cycle |
| Limiting Factors | Chemical or physical factors that limit the existence, growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism |
| Mitochondria | The "powerhouse" of the cell, an organelle that is the site of cellular respiration |
| NADH | A coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism |
| NADPH | Used in metabolic reactions, a reducing agent; found in the last step of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis, and used as a reducing power for biosynthetic reactions in the Calvin Cycle |
| Oxidation | The loss of electons for a substance involved in a redox reaction; often involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen |
| Phosporylation | The adding of a phospate to a molecule |
| Photolysis | Process by which a chemical substance undergoes a chemical change as the result of the absorption of a photon of light energy |
| Photophosporylation | Production of ATP molecules, using energy released as light-excited electrons flowing through an electron transport chain during photosynthesis |
| Photosynthesis | Complex biological process which converts light energy into chemical energy, stored in glucose or other organic molecules |
| Pyruvate | An organic, 3-carbon acid that is a product of glycolysis (broken down from glucose) |
| Reduction | An atom's gain of electrons during a redox reaction, often involving losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen |
| Thykaloids | Flattened, membrane-bound vesicle inside a plant chloroplast, converts light energy into chemical energy. A stack of these is called a grana |
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