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obligatory intracellular parasite parasite can only reproduces in host cell virus a submicropscopic, parasitic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat host range the spectrum of species, strains or cell types that a pathogen can infect bacteriophages a virus that infects bacterial cells capsid the protein coat of a virus that surrounds the nucleic acid capsomeres a protein subunit of a viral capsid envelope an outer covering surrounding the capsid of some viruses spikes a carbohydrate-protein complex that projects from the surface of certain viruses complex viruses a virus with a complicated structure, such as a bacteriophage viral species a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche plaques a clearing in a bacterial lawn resulting from lysis by phages pfu plaque-forming unit; visible viral plaques counted cell cultures eukaryotic cells grown in culture media; also called tissue culture CPE cytopathic effect; a visible effect on a host cell, caused by a virus, that may result in host cell damage or death cell lines tissue culture that can be propagated indefinately, usually derived from tumor culture lysogenic cycle stages in viral development that result in the incorporation of viral DNA into host DNA lytic cycle a mechanism of phage multiplication that results in host cell lysis eclipse period the time during viral multiplication when complete, infective virions are not present lysogeny a state in which phage DNA is incorporated into the host cell without lysis prophage phage DNA inserted into the host cell's DNA endocytosis the process by which material is moved into a eukaryotic cell fusion the merging of plasma membranes of two different cells, resulting in one cell containing cytoplasm from both original cells uncoating the separation of viral nucleic acid from its protein coat sense strand viral RNA that can act as mRNA antisense strand viral RNA that cannot act as mRNA provirus viral DNA that is integrated into the host's DNA reverse transcriptase an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase; an enzyme that synthesizes a complementary DNA from an RNA template oncogenes a gene that can bring about malignant transformation budding release of an enveloped virus through the plasma membrane of an animal cell latent infection a condition in which a pathogen remains in the host for long periods without producing disease persistent infection a disease process that occurs gradually over a long time prion an infectious agent consisting of a self-replicating protein, with not detectable nucleic acids viroid infectious RNA