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Cyrus the Great king of Persia and founder of the Persian empire (circa 600-529 BC) Iliad and Odyssey Stories written by Homer: The Iliad is the primary source of information we have about the Trojan War. The Odyssey tells the story of the struggles of Odysseus on his return home to his wife after the fall of the city of Troy. Persian Wars Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131) Zoroastrianism system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster Socrates ancient Athenian philosopher Phillip II 336 BC, was an ancient Greek king of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336. He was the father of Alexander the Great. Hellenistic age Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of islam. (137) Plato ancient Athenian philosopher Julius Caesar conqueror of Gaul and master of Italy (100-44 BC) Peloponnesian Wars a war fought between Athens and Sparta in the 400s BC, ending in a victory for Sparta Aristotle one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers Augustus Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC Alexander the Great king of Macedon Cicero a Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose (106-43 BC) Constantine a walled city in northeastern Algeria east of Algiers Sophocles one of the great tragedians of ancient Greece (496-406 BC) Punic Wars A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. Twelve Tables the earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law Ionian, Doric and Corinthian three embellishments for the tops of columns supporting their massive buildings city-state a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside