Chapter 7B
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34 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| concepts | mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
| prototypes | a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin) |
| algorithms | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error prone - use of heuristics |
| heuristics | simple thinking strategies that often allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms |
| insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
| creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
| obstacles to problem solving | confirmation bias, fixation |
| fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set |
| mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving |
| representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant info |
| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common |
| overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments |
| belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial concepts after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
| intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
| framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
| language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
| phonemes | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
| morphemes | in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as prefixes) |
| grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
| semantics | a set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences in a given language |
| syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
| receptive language | ability of infants to comprehend speech |
| productive language | infants' ability to produce words |
| babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds |
| one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
| two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly 2-word statements |
| telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs |
| universal grammar | all languages have the same building blocks |
| linguistic determinism | whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
| bilingual advantage | learning to inhabit one language while using the other |
| outcome simulation | thinking of the desired outcome |
| process simulation | thinking of the process to the desired outcome |
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