Western Civilization ch 26
About this set
Created by:
Mad_North-Northwest on April 13, 2012
Subjects:
world history, european history
Description:
Terms from chapter 26
Classes:
Western Civilization 2011-2012
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24 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Alexander III | had become tsar in 1881 on his father's assassination, an event that he believed resulted from too much talk about further reform following the abolition of serfdom; sought to achieve stability by using the Orthodox Church and the police to extend an official reactionary ideology through public life; gave nobles an increased role in regional councils, the zemstvos, and in rural administration |
| Bethmann-Hollweg | the last peacetime chancellor and the first of bourgeois origin; took office in 1909; a cautious bureaucrat who presided over a government rife with cabals; tried to placate parliament and hold in check a royal court in which people spoke openly of using the army against radicals; his mild programs for political reform came to nothing |
| Count Eduard von Taafe | cautious prime minister of Austria-Hungary; held office from 1879 to 1893; in response to workers' agitation proposed welfare measures but repressed socialists, antagonising both left and right; after his fall governments came to rely more on decree powers and support from the crown than on parliament |
| David Lloyd George | Chancellor of the Exchequer; proposed a "people's budget"; a skilled orator who delighted in the rhetoric of class conflict; promised to place the costs of social welfare squarely on the rich |
| Dreyfus affair | the Third Republic's great trial; in 1894 a court-martial convicted captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew and a member of the General Staff, of providing the German military attache with secret French documents; only became the centre of public attention three years afterward, when evidence appeared implicating another officer as the guilty party; escalated with charges and countercharges in parliament and the press, a series of sensational trials, and huge public demonstrations; the majority of Catholics, monarchists, and conservatives joined in patriotic indignation against Jews and socialists who were allegedly conspiring to sell out France and weaken a loyal army; intellectuals, socialists, and republicans came to view Dreyfus as the innocent victim of a plot against republican institutions; a court-martial in 1898 acquitted the man who forged the principal evidence against Dreyfus and a year later convicted Dreyfus a second time but "with extenuating circumstances"; the defenders of Dreyfus won the battle for public opinion, though barely; that victory set the tone of subsequent French politics, cementing traditions of republican unity on the left and greatly reducing the political influence of the Church and monarchists |
| Eduard Bernstein | in his book Evolutionary Socialism argued for less emphasis on economic determinism or revolution and a greater focus instead on improving working conditions and strengthening democracy; his criticism of Marx and alternative theory implied a less militant socialism willing to cooperate with other democratic parties |
| Francesco Crispi | a hero of Italian unification and former radical; prime minister in the late 1880s and 1890s; his policies included anticlericalism, a trade war with France, and imperial adventure; to end a protest movement among Sicilian peasants, resorted to martial law; in 1894 launched an invasion of Ethiopia to establish an Italian protectorate there; two years later had to resign when 25,000 Italian troops were nearly wiped out at Aduwa by well-prepared Ethiopian forces four times their number |
| Friedrich Nietzsche | emphasised human will in a philosophy that lashed contemporary civilisation on every page; his disdain for ideas of equality and democracy was balanced by his hatred of nationalism and militarism; rejected his society not only for what it was but also for what it meant to be; a brilliant analyst of culture and of language; wrote his passionate aphorisms as a man in terror for himself and his world |
| Fundamental Laws | announced in May 1906; defined the limitations of the tsar's concessions; he would keep the power of veto, the right to name his ministers, and full command of the executive, the judiciary, and the armed forces; the national legislature would have an upper house in addition to the Duma, with half its members appointed by the tsar; elections under this system brought the Cadets a large majority, which demanded representative government |
| Georges Sorel | Frenchman who shared the growing suspicion that public opinion owed more to prejudice than reason; felt contempt for middle-class society but argued that its overthrow would not come in the way predicted by Marx; wrote Reflections on Violence; said that historic changes came about when people were inspired by some great myth beyond the test of reason; rejected bourgeois rationalism in favour of violence as an expression of the will that could create powerful political movements |
| Giovanni Giolitti | the political system acquired a broader base of support under him; prime minister from 1903 to 1914; acknowledged the right to strike; nationalised railroads and life insurance; sponsored public health measures; in 1911 supported universal male suffrage; encouraged Catholics to enter the national politics they had boycotted since 1870; acquiesced in an imperial venture |
| Henri Bergson | the most eloquent and revered philosopher of his day; pictured much that was best in human understanding as arising not from reason but intuitively from subjective and unconscious feelings; was close to contemporary movements in the arts, psychology, and religion; believed society needed the new spirit of energy and common endeavour that could be achieved through spontaneity |
| Irish home rule | self-government by having a separate Parliament but not complete independence; called for by Charles Parnell; in 1914 the Commons for the third time passed a bill granting it |
| Joseph Chamberlain | led a group of Liberals to ally with the Conservatives; a radical in social matters; had adopted the popular cause of imperialism |
| October Manifesto | granted a constitution with freedom of speech and assembly but was vague on much else |
| Paris Commune | included moderate and radical republicans, some followers of Pierre Joseph Proudhon and Louis-Auguste Blanqui, militant socialists in the tradition of Saint-Simon and Fourier, and a few members of the Marxist First International; its program, favouring democracy and federalism, was not very specific on other matters |
| Peter Stolypin | prime minister of Russia from 1906 to 1911; reformed education and administration; strove to stimulate the economy by turning away from the mir system of communal lands in favour of the full private ownership of land; created land banks and a program of social insurance |
| William II | was hailed as "the Labor Emperor" for supporting social security, labour arbitration, the regulation of workers' hours, and provisions for their safety |
| Belle Epoque | the thirty years or so before 1914; in all the great cities of Europe, a sense of spectacle and dynamism accompanied the drearier realities of urban life; most of all remembered for achievements in the arts |
| Vatican Council | the first council of the Church in three hundred years; confirmed the impression of intransigence; a splended demonstration of the Church's continued power; prelates came from around the world to proclaim the dogma of papal infallibility |
| Prince Peter Kropotkin | most famous figure of anarchism after Bakunin; his prescriptions for what he called anarcho-communism did not unify the movement |
| Leo XIII | established an understanding with Bismarck and encouraged French Catholics to accept the Third Republic; restated Catholic belief in private property, the sanctity of the family, and the social role of religion; said the Catholic Church recognised the right of workers to their own organisations and to "reasonable and frugal comfort"; said state should not favor any single class, and society must not consider human beings as merely a means to profit |
| First International | International Working Men's Association; Marx dominated it from the start; during the eight years it lasted, Marx gradually succeeded in expelling those who disagreed with him; Marx and Engels let it die in 1872; played a part in building a workers' movement by disseminating Marxism, stressing the international ties of workers in a period of nationalism, and exemplifying the advantages of militant discipline |
| Mikhail Bakunin | Russian anarchist; had established himself in 1848 as one of Europe's more flamboyant revolutionaries; joined the International in 1867; respected Marx and understood his materialist philosophy; supported nationalism and praised the revolutionary spirit of countries like Italy and Spain |
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