Biochem Final
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94 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 lipids | essential components of all living cells. have widely varied strucutre and often water insolube |
| hydrophobic or amphipathic | Lipids polarity. Identified as polar lipids |
| biological membranes | Lipids function in ________ _________ as glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol |
| triacylglycerols | Lipids that function as storage for energy, thermal insulation and organ padding |
| Waxs | Lipids function as ______ for cell walls, exoskeletons and skin surface |
| steroid hormones | Lipids function as _____ _____ for metabolic development |
| eicosanoids | Lipids funciton as _______ for regulation of multiple events |
| fatty acids | These are the simpest lipids and have the general formula of R-COOH where R is a hydrocarbon chain with a pKa about 4.5-5 |
| saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated | Lipids can be ______, ________ (one C-C double bone_ and ________ (more than one C-C double bond) |
| linoleate and linolenate | These are essential fatty acids with one being C18:2 and the other C18:3; essential fatty acids are only made by plants |
| phospholipids | lipids that contain a phosphate |
| glycosphingolipids | lipids that contain both sphingosine and carbohydrate groups |
| isoprenoids | steroids, lipid vitamins and terpenes are related to the 5 carbon molecule _____ and are called _______s. precursor of cholesterol and lipid soluble vitamins |
| Melting point | The smaller the carbon skeleton the lower the _______ _____. Unsaturated fatty acids have the smallest ______ ________. |
| arachidonic acid | has lowest melting point where n-tetracosanoic acid has the highest melting point. |
| glycerol | What is the backbone of triacylglycerol |
| cis | _____ is good bending for health |
| mixed triacylglycerol | 1-stearoyl, 2-linoleoyl, 3-palmitoyl glycerol is considered what |
| solid | long saturated fatty acids have this composition |
| liquid | medium saturated fatty acids have this composition |
| most trans FA | French fries and breaded fish burger has the ___ ____ _____ Chocolate bar has the least. |
| L-glycerol 3-phosphate | This is the backbone of GPL with PO4- attached to C3 |
| glycerol backbone | This is the backbone of triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, and galactolipids |
| sphingosine backbone | This is the backbone for sphingolipids |
| GPL structure | This has a glycerol backbone, one SFA and one UFA and a PO4-OH |
| Sphingolipid/ phospholipid structure | This has a spingosine backbone, a fatty acid and a PO4-choline |
| sphingolipid/glycolipid structure | has a sphingosine back bone, a fatty acid and a mono or oligosaccharide |
| galactolipid structure | This has a glycerol backbone and 2 fatty acids along with a mono/disaccharid-SO4 |
| ester linkages | GPL linkage for the UFA and SFA but the Phosphoalcohol is a phosphoester linkage |
| phosphatidic acid | GPL that has a H coming off the phosphate with a net charge of -1 at pH 7 |
| phosphatidylethanolamine | GPL that has an ethanolamine coming off the phosphate with a formula of CH2-CH2-N+CH3 and a net charge of 0 at pH7 |
| phosphatidylcholine | GPL that has a choline coming off the phosphate and a formula of CH2-CH2-N+(CH3)3 and net charge of 0 at pH7 |
| Phosphatidylserine | GPL that has a serine coming off of the phosphate and a formula of CH2-CH(COO-)-N+H3 and a net charge of -1 at pH7 |
| phosphatidylglycerol | GPL that has a glycerol coming off of phosphate and a formula of CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-OH and a net charge of -1 at pH7 |
| phosphatidylinositol | GPL that has a myo-inositol 4,5 bisphosphate coming off which is a ring structure and has a net charge of -4 at pH7. This is a signalling molecule |
| cardiolipin | GPL that has a phosphatidyl-glycerol coming off of the phosphate and a net charge of -2 at pH7. Has an immune reaction and is prominent in heart |
| plasmalogen | has a glycerol backbone and choline plus alkene. is a vinyl ether with unsaturatoin |
| platelet-activating factor | molecular signal from basophils that is ether linked alkane with no fatty acid and a choline |
| anaphylactic shock | When platelet activating factor is released from body this happens. |
| C18 | spingosine has how many carbons. along with a NH2 and X group |
| ceramide | a sphingolipid whose third carbon has OH group on it |
| spingomyelin | sphingolipid who has a phosphocholine on the third carbon |
| neutral glycolipids/ glucosylcerebroside | sphingolipid who has a glucose on the third carbon which is a ring structure |
| lactosylceramide | sphingolipid who has a di, tri or tetrasaccharide on the third carbon (linear) |
| ganglioside GM2 | sphingolipid who has a complex oligosaccharide on the third carbon (branched; blood groups) |
| O antigen | This blood group has a ceramid (sphingosine and FA) along with Glc, Gal, GalNAc, Gal, and Fuc |
| A antigen | this blood group has a ceramid (sphingosine and FA) along with Glc, Gal, GalNAc, Gal, Fuc, and GalNAc |
| B Antigen | This blood group has a ceramid (sphingosine and FA) along with Glc, Gal, GalNAc, Gal, Fuc, and Gal |
| Outerface | blood groups are located on ___________ |
| free cholesterol | This type of cholesterol has no fatty acid attached to OH group therefore creates a polar head as well as a nonpolar body. There are 4 rings that also add to polarity and C27 A: ring polar head B: ring unsaturated D: 5C ring |
| phospholipase A1 | degrades GPL at C1 (SFA) |
| phospholipase A2 | degrades GPL at C2 and can generate eicosanoids (UFA) |
| Phospholipase D | degrades GPL and leaves the phosphate attached to glycerol. Only works in plants |
| Phospholipase C | degrades GPL at the triphosphate? |
| eicosanoids | Come from arachidonate acid |
| vitamin hormones | these signalling molecules are derived from cholesterol |
| retinoid hormones | These signalling molecules are derived from carotene |
| thyroid hormones | These signalling molecules are derived from thyroglobulin |
| Cox | Makes prostaglandins and thromboxins from AA |
| LPO | makes leukotrienes from AA |
| Bile salts | These emulsify dietary fats in the small intestine forming mycells |
| pancreatic lipases | degrade TAGs, FA's are then taken up by the intestinal mucosa and converted back into TAGs |
| Small intestine | digestion of dietary lipids happens here |
| chylomicrons | TAGS after being converted back into themselves are incorporated with cholesterol and apolipoproteins into these; which move through the lymphatic system and bloodstream to tissues. Put them all back together! |
| lipoprotein lipase | This is activated by apoC-II in the capillary converts TAGS to FA and glycerol to enter cells |
| FA | These after entering cells are oxidized as fuel or reesterfy for storace in myocytes or adipocytes |
| digestive lipases | These are released from pancreas into small intestine as zymogens which are activated in the intestinal lumen by trypsen |
| taurine | AA important for emulsification of fats |
| pancreatic lipase (and colipase, a regulatory protein) | Dietary lipid enzyme Substrate: TAG (about 90% of dietary lipids) Products: 2FA +2-MAG Reaction: TAG (2H2O)--> 2FA +2-MAG |
| Phospholipase A2 | Dietary lipid enzyme Substrate: phospholipids Products: FA + 2-Lyso-PL Reaction: PL (H2O)--> FA + Lyso-PL |
| Cholesteryl ester hydrolase | Dietary lipid enzyme Substrate: cholesteryl esters (CHOE) Products: FA + Chol (free) Reaction: CHOE (H2O) ---> FA + Chol |
| reassembly of dietary lipids | This is a ligase reaction where it puts lipids back the way they were before digestion (but FA must be reactivated) |
| Steps of reassembly | Fatty acid activation, lipid reassembly, formation of lipoprotein particles |
| apoplipoproteins | these interact with lipids and are synthesized in liver and SI |
| Biggest/ low density | chylomicrons are the ______ apoproteins with _____ _________ |
| smallest/ high density | LDLs are the ______ apoproteins with ______ _______. |
| nonpolar | TAGs an cholesteryl esters are ________ and located in the core. Free chol are outside |
| charged | Anything made from AA's is charged |
| mostly tags | chylomicrons are made up of _____ _____. Has the lowest density out of the lipoproteins so it floats |
| VLDL | This lipoprotein has a good mix of Tags, cholesterylesters, free chol, phospholipids and proteins |
| LDL | This lipoprotein has a large composition of cholesterol (free chol and cholesteryl esters) which is bad! |
| HDL | This lipoprotein's largest component is protein which increases it's density and has the least amount of lipids so "good" |
| functions of apoproteins | increase solubility of lipoproteins activate lipoprotein lipase (apoC-II) binding to lipoprotein receptors (apoB-46 for chylomicrons and apoB-100 for VLDL and LDL) inactivation of lipoprotein lipase (apoC-III) |
| ApoE | protects against cardiovascular disease. Triggors clearance of VLDL and chylomicron remnants |
| ApoC-II | activates lipoprotein lipase |
| ApoC-III | inhibits lipoprotein lipase |
| ApoB-100 | Binds to LDL receptor |
| blood plasma | _____ ______ after a meal is cloudy due to the chylomicrons |
| lipoprotein metabolism | chylomicrons go into capillary which breaks down IDL (VLDL remnants) into the liver and then VLDL go back to capillary. **? look at chart |
| peripheral cells | FA and glycerol can be taken up by _________ _____ |
| chylomicrons | Lipoprotein Synthesis: cytosol of small intestine Function: deliever dietary TAG to PT Receptor: liver (as chylomicron remnants) |
| VLDL | Lipoprotein Synthesis: cytosol of liver cells Function: deliver mixed TAG to PT Receptor: Liver (as VLDL remnants, IDL) |
| LDL | lipoprotein Synthesis: plasma Function: deliever chol to PT(mostly) and liver Receptor: liver and others (scavenger: macrophages) |
| HDL | Lipoprotein Synthesis: cytosol of liver and small intestine Function: remove CHO from PT and serum. Add CHO to IDL to make LDL. Deliver CHO to liver, add apo to LP Receptor: liver (mostly) and small intestine |
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