Geography Exam 1
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79 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 concentration | the spread of something over a given area |
| contagious diffusion | the rapid widespread diffusion of a feature or trend from one place to another |
| cultural landscape | fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group |
| density | the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area |
| diffusion | the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time |
| distance decay | the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin |
| distribution | the arrangement of something across the earth's surface |
| environmental determinism | a nineteenth and early twentieth century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by humans could be found in the physical sciences. The study of how the physical environment caused human activities. |
| expansion diffusion | the spread of a feature or trend among people from one are to another in a snowballing process |
| formal region (uniform or homogenous) | an area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristic |
| functional region (nodal) | an area organized around a node or focal point |
| geographic information system (GIS) | a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data |
| global positioning system (GPS) | a system that determines the precise position of something on earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers |
| globalization | actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope |
| greenwich mean time (GMT) | the time in that time zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude |
| hearth | the region from which innovative idea originate |
| hierarchical diffusion | the spread of a feature of trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places |
| latitude | the numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator |
| location | the position of anything on earth's surface |
| longitude | the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian |
| map | a 2D or flat representation of earths surface of a portion of it |
| meridian | an arc drawn on a map between the north and south poles |
| parallel | a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians |
| pattern | the geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area |
| place | a specific point on earth distinguished by a particular character |
| polder | land created by the dutch by draining water from an area |
| possibilism | the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives |
| prime meridian | the meridian, at 0 degrees longitude, that passes through the royal observatory at greenwich england |
| agricultural density | the ratio of the # of farmers to the total amt. of land suitable for farming |
| arable land | land suitable for agriculture |
| arithmetic density | the total number of people divided by the total land area |
| crude birth rate (CBR) | the total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in a society |
| crude death rate (CDR) | the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in a society |
| demographic transition | the process of change in a society's population from high CBR&D and low rate of natural increase to condition of low CBR&DR, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population |
| dependency ratio | the number of people under 15 and over 64 compared to the # of people active in the labor force |
| doubling time | the # of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase |
| epidemiologic transition | distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition |
| epidemiology | branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large # of people |
| infant mortality rate (IMR) | the total # of deaths in a year among infants under 1 yr. for every 1000 live births in a society |
| life expectancy | the avg. # of years an individual can be expected to live given current social, economic, and medical conditions |
| natural increase rate (NIR) | the percentage growth of a population in a year computed as the CBR minus the CDR |
| overpopulation | the # of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living |
| pandemic | disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population |
| physiological density | the number of people per unit of area or arable land |
| total fertility rate (TFR) | The average number of chilren a woman will have throughout her childbearing years |
| chain migration | migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there |
| counterurbanization | net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries |
| Emigration | migration from a location |
| floodplain | the area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends |
| forced migration | permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors |
| guest workers | workers who migrate to the more developed countries of northern and western europe usually from southern or eastern europe in search of high paying jobs |
| immigration | migration to a new location |
| internal migration | permanent movement within a particular country |
| international migration | permanent movement from one country to another |
| interregional migration | permanent movement from one region of a country to another |
| intraregional migration | permanent movement within one region of a country |
| migration | form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location |
| migration transition | change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce demographic tranistion |
| mobility | all types of movement from one location to another |
| net migration | the difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration |
| pull factor | factor that induces people to move to a new location |
| push factor | factor that induces people to leave old residences |
| quotas | in reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year |
| refugees | people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership to a group, or political opinion |
| undocumented immigrants | people who enter a country without proper documents |
| projection | the system used to transfer locations from earth's surface to a flat map |
| region | an area of earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics |
| relocation diffusion | the spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another |
| remote sensing | the acquisition of data about earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long distance methods |
| scale | the relationship between the portion of the earth being studied and the earth as a whole, the size of an object on a map compared to the actual size |
| site | the physical character of a place |
| situation | the location of a place relative to other places |
| space | the physical gap or interval between two objects |
| spatial interaction | the movement of physical processes, human activities, and ideas within and among regions |
| space-time compression | the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems |
| stimulus diffusion | the spread of an underlying principle even though a specific characteristic is rejected |
| toponym | the name given to a portion of earth's surface |
| transnational corporation | a company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters are located |
| vernacular region (perceptual) | an area tbat people believe exists as part of their cultural identity |
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