MicroBio Lecture 1-3
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b1nhdang123 on April 13, 2012
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quiz 1
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118 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Antony Leeuwenhoek | 1st person to observe and describe microorganism accurately. Observed bacteria, protozoa using magnify lense |
| Robert Hooke | 1st person to publish depiction of microorganism. looked at fruiting structure of molds |
| Spontaneous Generation | life arises spontaneously from non living matter. did not work for larger organism |
| Biogenesis | life arises from pre-existing life |
| Francesco Redi: Maggot Exp | meat placed in open jar, meat in jar close maggots only appeared in jar with meat open. showing life does not arise randomly from meat. |
| Luis Pasteur: Swan neck flask | to disprove spontaneous generation exp: flask with bent tube: liquid produces no life until the orgs are touching the liquid |
| germ theory | showed that germs caused diseases |
| Robert Koch | used mice exp: to isolate disease scientific method to prove causation of disease |
| cell | basic unit of all cellular life |
| basic properties of cells | metabolism reproduction differentiation communication movement evolution |
| prokaryotes | bacteria & archaea characteristics: single cell, no nucleus, 70s Ribosome, size 1-10um |
| eukaryotes | protozoa, algae, fungi single cell/ multi cell have a nucleus 80s ribosomes size: 10-100um |
| Bacteria | prokaryotes simple shape: round, rod, spiral call wall: peptidoglycan |
| archaea | cell wall: more complex than bacteria found in extreme temperatures: high temp, high pressure, high salt |
| streptomyces thermoautotrophicus | bacteria that can grow in covering soil of a burning charcoal piles |
| protozoa | eukaryotes characteristics: single cell, no cell wall, motile, aquatic environments, part of food chain, some are pathogen |
| algae | eukaryotes characteristics: single cell/ multi cell, have cell walls, photosynthetic, in soil/ocean/lakes, some produce toxins |
| fungi | eukaryotes characteristics: single cell/multi cell, have cell wall, no photosynthetic pigment, natures "recycler" |
| viruses | acellular microorganism characteristics: a major class of microorganism, not cellular, made of nucleic acid + protein, obligate intracellular parasites |
| Carl Woese | used rRNA sequencing to compare organisms -> led to discovery of Archaea! |
| thiomargarita namibiensis | prokaryotes comparable to the size of a fruit fly head diplococcus |
| epulopiscium fishelsoni | comparable to the size of a printed hyphen rod shaped |
| hypha | streptomyces (fungus like bacteria) fx-support and protect the cells |
| stalk | contain cytoplasmic material that is devoid of ribosomes and DNA fx-maybe in nutrient absorption |
| coccus | prokaryote shape: spherical diplo-pairs staphylo-grape like cluster strepto- chain tetrads- group of 4 sarcinae- group of 8 |
| bacillus | prokaryote shape: rod shape diplo-2 strepto-chain coccobacillus-sphere rod |
| spirillum | prokaryote shape: curved spiral vibrios- curved rod spirilla-2 or more twist spirochetes-corkscrew shaped |
| monomorphic | single shape |
| pleomorphic | variable shape |
| (prok) plasma membrane | composed of phospholipid bilayer (polar and non polar) membrane protein (integral and peripheral protein) fx- separate cel from environment selective permeable barrier - some molecules are allowed into and out of cell (O2 diffusion) - transport systems used for nutrient uptake, waste excretion, & protein secretion metabolic processes: respiration, photosynthesis, synthesis of lipid, and cell wall constituents chemotaxis: detection of and response to chemicals in surrounding with the aid of special receptor molecules in the membrane |
| phospholipid bilayer | phospholipids-form bilayer |
| hopanoids | embedded in bilayer sterol-like (similar to cholesterol) stabilize membrane |
| integral protein | membrane protein: embedded in membrane, amphipathic protein |
| peripheral protein | membrane protein: loosely attached |
| mesosomes | invagination of the plasma membrane role: cell wall form during cell division, chromosome replication and distribution, secretory processes |
| (prok) cytoplasmic matrix | substance between membrane and nucleoid primarily water 70% thick and elastic parked with inclusion bodies and ribosomes organized with respect to protein location |
| (prok) inclusion bodies | made of organic and inorganic materials fx- store nutrient and energy storage |
| poly B hydroxybutyrate | inclusion bodies- cytoplasmic matrix- prok structure fx- stores phosphate, synthesize plastics |
| gas vacuoles | inclusion bodies- cytoplasmic matrix- prok structure fx- provide buoyancy, flotation of green cyanobacteria |
| magnetosome | inclusion boides- cytoplasmic matrix- prok structure fx- contain iron, orientation in magnetic field |
| ribosomes | prok: composed of ribosomal rRNA + protein 70s- 50S + 30S site of protein synthesis |
| nucleoid | prok structure contains bacterial chromosome- usually single circle of double stranded DNA |
| plasmids | prok structure: extra chromosomal DNA small circle of mini chromosomes fx-extra genetic info, not required for cell growth, may provide selective advantage (antibiotic resistance) plasmids can be transferred between bacteria via conjugation |
| cell wall | prok structure rigid structure that lies outside the plasma membrane fx- provide shape to cell, protect the cell from osmotic lysis, protect cell from toxic substances composed of peptidogylcan |
| peptidoglycan | made of N-acetyl-glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid (D tails and L amino acid) |
| peptidoglycan- cross links | typical for gram negative bacteria: D-Ala links to DAP |
| peptidoglycan- interbridge | typical for gram positive bacteria: Gly links Gly |
| Gram Stain | gram (+) = purple gram (-) = pink |
| Gram + | -thick layer of peptidoglycan -no outer membrane -contains teichoic acid: antigen in G+, provide negative charge -lacks LPS -penicillin sensitive -periplasmic space: in between peptidoglycan and plasma membrane |
| Gram (-) | -has outer membrane -thin peptidoglycan layer -lacks techie acid -contain LPS -penicillin resistant more permeable than plasma membrane due to porin proteins strengthened by Braun's lipoprotein |
| LPS | only in Gram (-) contains: lipid A, core polysaccharide, O-side chain fx- give negative charge to cell surface, stabilize membrane structure, act as endotoxin |
| Periplasmic space in G- | area between plasma membrane and outer membrane fx- nutrient uptake, peptidoglyccan synthesis, modify toxin |
| periplasmic space in G+ | area between peptidoglycan and cell membrane |
| fimbrae | only found in G- used for attachment invasion and nutrient uptake |
| pili | a form of fimbrae used for DNA transfer |
| flagella | used for movement and identification |
| monotrichous | one flagella on one side |
| amphitrichous | one flagella at each side |
| peritrichous | spread flagella evenly |
| lophtrichous | clusters of flagella at both ends or one |
| chemotaxis | attracted by nutrients and repelled by harmful substances |
| endospores | resting state during harsh environment |
| sporulation | spore is formed under extreme stress |
| germination | spore is transformed into a vegetative cell |
| psychrophiles | cold loving grow less than 15C found in polar habitat membrane contain high level of unsaturated fatty acid thus keeps cell alive |
| psychotrophs | grow 20-30C food spoilage |
| thermophiles | 55-65C hot water and coals due to more Hbond, prolines, and chaperones |
| hyperthermophiles | extreme hot 80-100C ocean floor |
| mesophiles | moderate temp 20-45C |
| neutrophiles | pH of 5.5- 8 |
| acidophiles | pH less than 5.5 |
| alkalophiles | pH greater than 8.5 |
| osmosis | water diffueses from region of low solute to high solute |
| osmotic pressure | measure of pressure generated by difference in water conc across cell membrane |
| isotonic | same solute in and out = no move |
| hypotonic | low solute outside = water moves inside cell expands - osmotic lysis |
| hypertonic | high solute outside = water moves outside cell shrinks - plasmolysis |
| halotolerant | can grow up to 3M of Na can tolerate high solute outside cell = hypertonic |
| obligate aerobe | requires oxygen; cannot live w/o oxygen |
| facultative anaerobe | lives with or without oxygen; prefers oxygen |
| microaeophile | requires oxygen in reduced concentration O2 concentration = 2-10% |
| aerotolerant anaeobe | does not require oxygen but is not harmed by oxygen |
| obligate anaerobe | cannot use oxygen or killed by oxygen |
| superoxide radical | O2 + e -> O2- |
| hydrogen peroxide | O2- + e + 2H -> H2O2 |
| superoxide dismutase | removes superoxide radicals reaction: 2O2 + 2H -> H2O2 + O2 |
| catalase reaction | removes hydrogen peroxide 2 H2O2 -> 2H2O + O2 |
| peroxidase reaction | removes hydrogen peroxide H2O2 + 2H -> 2H20 |
| macro-elements | C,N,O,H,S,P,L,K,Ca,Mg,Fe |
| trace elements | Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cu |
| amino acids | needed for protein synthesis |
| purines and pyrimidines | needed for nucleic acid synthesis |
| vitamins | function as enzyme cofactors |
| passive diffusion | molecules move from region of higher conc to one of lower conc cannot pass large molecules through the membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | no eng needed uses carrier molecules called permeases: conformational change of carrier after binding an external molecule -> release of molecule on the cell interior |
| active transport | involves solute binding proteins and transporter proteins moves molecules against the gradient uses ATP |
| binary fission | process of cell division in bacteria |
| generation time | time required for population to double |
| mean growth rate constant | # of generations per unit of time expressed as generations per hr |
| direct counts | using calibrated slide chamber |
| plate count methods | ONLY LIVE CELLS GROW |
| indirect methods | turbidity |
| counting chambers | useful for counting both eukaryotes and prokaryotes cannot distinguish living from dead cells |
| plating method | dilute bacteria sample plate samples- each microorganism develops into one colony |
| membrane filtration procedure | filter is placed and water let flow through. the filter is than let dried and colonies start to form |
| turbidimetric measurement | CANT DISTINGUISH LIVE AND DEAD CELL |
| total cell count | turbidity or microscope count doesn't distinguish live and dead cell |
| viable cell count | plate count or membrane filtration only live cells grow |
| agar | solid media for growth of microorganism sulfated polysaccharide used to solidify liquid media |
| chemically defined media | precise composition is known |
| complex media | precise composition is NOT known contain some unknown ingredients |
| peptones | protein hydrolysis prepared by partial digestion of various protein sources |
| extracts | aqueous extracts, usually beef or yeast |
| selective media | agent added to inhibit certain microbes ex: brilliant green agar: dye inhibits G+ bacteria. used to grow G- in media |
| differential media | agent added that differentiates bacteria ex: blood agar: blood cells are killed by HEMOLYSINS |
| MacConkey agar | selective and differential media dyes = stop G+ lactose- detects lactose fermentation (pink colonies) |
| enrichment culture | isolation of specific organisms ex: isolation of nitrogen fixing bacteria: use media without fixed nitrogen source. only orgs capable of Nitrogen fixation will survive -> azotobacter vinelandii |
| porin | what protein makes G- outer membrane more permeable than plasma membrane |
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