1-7 sections, Manchester, dante, pre renassciance
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315 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Most of what is considered 'modern' first ... | Most of what is considered 'modern' first appeared in Europe |
| 1500-1900 Europe had explosion (cultural, economic, ect.) that greatly ... | 1500-1900 Europe had explosion (cultural, economic, ect.) that greatly affected the whole world's cultures and natures. |
| Europe's decline can be attributed to the adoption of their culture... | Europe's decline can be attributed to the adoption of their culture in other place's (no longer unique resources) and internal conflicts |
| 1500 on tended to be progressive ... | 1500 on tended to be progressive with social change and democracy |
| Greeks were first with political freedom w/ city states... | Greeks were first with political freedom w/ city states. Often independent and warring. Partially democratic. |
| Greeks studied ... | Greeks studied history. |
| "classical virtues"-Greek moral code... | "classical virtues"-Greek moral code that emphasized the golden mean |
| Greeks laid foundation for science... | Greeks laid foundation for science with their constant look at what lies beneath. |
| Alexander the Great- | Alexander the Great-Spread brief Greek empire |
| 146 BC Romans | 146 BC Romans conquer Greece |
| Pax Romana | Pax Romana-Time of piece in Roman empire |
| Rome's defining characteristics-great... | Rome's defining characteristics-great structure, organization, armies |
| Laws more for... | Laws more for state than individuals |
| 800 BC-700 AD world religions came | 800 BC-700 AD world religions came, mid Greco-Roman |
| Christianity blamed for | Christianity blamed for fall of Rome |
| Constantine | Constantine first Christian emperor |
| St. Augustine's City of God | -Dealt with heaven and the necessity of morality to get into heaven |
| Caesaropapism | Caesaropapism-When one person is the ruler |
| What is called Europe today didn't exist | What is called Europe today didn't exist since in middle ages because of completely different divisions |
| Founding of Constantinople-Constantine founded new capital | Founding of Constantinople-Constantine founded new capital at what was once Byzantium. Existed with Rome |
| Barbarians in the east of Rome were kept out mostly but | Barbarians in the east of Rome were kept out mostly but sometimes were hired into the Roman army |
| Decline in the West-West Rome began to decline | Decline in the West-West Rome began to decline for unknown reasons around 200 AD |
| Barbarian invasions-Around 400, barbarians | Barbarian invasions-Around 400, barbarians (especially Huns) invaded Roman empire |
| Byzantine empire-Capital at Constantinople, included Asia Minor peninsula, | Byzantine empire-Capital at Constantinople, included Asia Minor peninsula, Balkan peninsula, parts of Italy |
| Byzantine was Christian in religion and Greek in culture and language. | Byzantine was Christian in religion and Greek in culture and language. Not as culturally vibrant as Greece, Classical age. Still grand with Eastern emperor. |
| Arabic World-Most dynamic culture of about 700. Spain, North Africa, Roman | Arabic World-Most dynamic culture of about 700. Spain, North Africa, Roman empire areas, Arabia, Syria, and the East |
| Muhammad 570... | Muhammad 570-632. |
| Suras | Suras-Chapters in Koran |
| Hegria | Muhommad's flight from Mecca |
| Caliph | Leaders that were descendants of Muhommad |
| Caliph of Umayyad family | Murdered by another son-in-law of Muhommad, Ali. Ali was murdered soon after. |
| Shiites | Minority of Ali followers |
| Sunni | Umayyad family followers |
| Arab world built upon Greco-Roman culture | Arab world built upon Greco-Roman culture and religion but regarded Christians as infidels. |
| Byzantine and Arab World flourished without | Byzantine and Arab World flourished without much interruption (buildings, mathematics) |
| Latin Christendom | 3rd segment of Greco-Roman world, Italy, France, Belgium, the Rhineland, Britain. Left overs from Byzantine and Arabic. |
| Little government in Latin Christendom | Little government in Latin Christendom, general lawlessness. Few barbarian kings. |
| Germanic customs | Germanic customs-Heathens, no written language, folk lore of fighting and heroic (sometimes religion same qualities), tribal kinship, agriculture, and migratory at times, somewhat free and democratic, no sense of state |
| Lord and servant came when Germanic barbarians came | Lord and servant came when Germanic barbarians came, ruled peasants and protected, lived off produce |
| 500 AD | dark ages |
| Christian church | Christian church only thing to thrive across West |
| Growth of Monasteries | peaceful, separate sex houses that neighbors didn't disturb |
| No Roman emperor, so bishop | No Roman emperor, so bishop was head of it, Constantinople was still patriarchy |
| Petrine Supremacy | Petrine Supremacy-idea that Christ's authority went to Popes starting with St. Peter. Acknowledged by the "Donation of Constantine", though ended up being a forgery. |
| Conversion of Barbarians | Conversion of Barbarians-340 AD, church sent out people to convert the Germanic |
| 711 Arabs | 711 Arabs invade Spain |
| 800, Pope crowned | 800, Pope crowned. Charlemagne emperor of West. |
| Charlemagne, in hopes of restoring peace with one state and one religion, | Charlemagne, in hopes of restoring peace with one state and one religion, conquered Western Europe. North became center. |
| Revival of learning-Charlemagne, though illiterate, | Revival of learning-Charlemagne, though illiterate, decided to revive clergy learning |
| Charlemagne established | Charlemagne established silver coinage |
| Second wave of invaders | all fronts, hurt Charlemagne's empire. Acclimated with Christianity in 1000. |
| "Great Schism of East and West"- | Division from Constantinople (Greek and Orthodox) and Rome (Latin Catholic) over who had greatest authority |
| West suffered | West suffered more |
| Emerging Europe | Emerging Europe-by 1000, Europe as we know it emerged |
| Agriculture and population growth-agriculture tools greatly improved | Agriculture and population growth-agriculture tools greatly improved, population grew and people had better chance to leave things for kids to inherit |
| Slavery upgraded to | Slavery upgraded to serfdom |
| Communication amongst | Communication amongst peoples and others lands improved |
| Three field system | Three field system-split land up with two crops and one resting soil, rotated, efficient |
| Feudalism-only local authority ran by counts who became lords for people who | Feudalism-only local authority ran by counts who became lords for people who accepted his protection, vassal ruled 2 states under him |
| Capetian King's | Capetian King's-chosen by lords who became his vassals, Hugh Capet's offspring ruled France till Revolution |
| The Normans in England | The Normans in England-Duke of Normandy conquered England in 1066, ran strong feudal state |
| Feudalism more reciprocal | Feudalism more reciprocal than Roman past |
| Village | Village-manor, populated by serfs who gave income for protection |
| Long Distance trade- | Long Distance trade-came before short distance, originated from Venetians, lead to merchants class |
| Towns emerge 1100, in wake of | Towns emerge 1100, in wake of lots of progress in agriculture and independent merchants. Usually paid tax straight to king, most independent in high trade areas, often formed town leagues for protection |
| Corporate liberties were greatly enjoyed by towns | Corporate liberties were greatly enjoyed by towns. No serfs in towns. |
| Towns controlled neighboring | Towns controlled neighboring commerce with tariffs to grantee food supply. |
| Guilds-craftsmen in towns | Guilds-craftsmen in towns formed them with a master to supervise. Regulated quality, all men, looked after members |
| Medieval economy was | Medieval economy was against competition |
| Peasants owed dues and fees to | Peasants owed dues and fees to lord even though serfdom greatly declined |
| Monarchies became hereditary | Monarchies became hereditary to settle disputes |
| Peasants expected to bring | Peasants expected to bring things to judge's attention |
| Taxation grew with towns, $ | Taxation grew with towns, $ replacing what was goods dues |
| Parliaments grew out of royal councils. | Parliaments grew out of royal councils. They increased king's power, represented nation's interest. |
| England's parliament | England's parliament was partially elected (house of commons vs. house of lords) |
| Religion was omnipresent. | Religion was omnipresent. In culture. Leaders bound by holy oaths |
| Before 1000, the church was in | Before 1000, the church was in decay, monasteries in decay, pagan magic mixed with Christian belief. People illiterate except for some clergy. |
| Clergy had little | Clergy had little respect for rules. |
| Papacy had | Papacy had little influence |
| 962 Holy Roman Empire proclaimed | 962 Holy Roman Empire proclaimed. Supposed to continue Latin Christendom, extend and protect the faith. |
| Power wasn't acknowledged much | Power wasn't acknowledged much besides Germany and Italy who attempted to make the pope their appointee originally |
| Cluny, France monks attempted | Cluny, France monks attempted to live pure life and would only recognize Rome as an authority |
| 1059 Pope Nicholas II decreed | 1059 Pope Nicholas II decreed that future popes should be elected by cardinals not Holy Roman Emperor. Attempted to stop outside influences. |
| Gregory VII-Believed church should | Gregory VII-Believed church should be apart from worldly society, be able to judge all mankind's actions as sinful or not, punish kings and emperors for sins. Demanded celibacy. Annoyed Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. Gregory ended up excommunicating Henry IV who south penitence from the pope in Canossa in Italy. |
| Lay investure | Lay investure-practice when the emperor gave a new bishop the signs of his spiritual authority, a ring and staff. Pope Gregory prohibited this. Lay investure was settled in 1122, when bishops decided emperor was their feudal head but pope was spiritual authority. |
| Unwillingness of leaders to let | Unwillingness of leaders to let emperors build effective government contributed to centralization of Latin Christendom under Rome and blocked unified monarchial states in Europe. |
| Pope Innocent III | Pope Innocent III-Papacy from 1198-1216, virtually realized Pope Gregory's dream of a unified Christian world, intervened in politics, suppressed heresy. 1215 called great church council that went well. Forbad clergy from worldly temptations, controlled superstition and regulated the sacraments. |
| The founding of universities | The founding of universities-12th and 13th century saw first universities |
| Students and teachers helped | Students and teachers helped each other, many easily moving from university to university. |
| University became permanent | University became permanent institution from income from donors and land. Free from outside control. |
| Theology | Theology-intellectual study of religion, dominated first universities (11th century). |
| Arabic and Greek learning | Arabic and Greek learning-Arabs, whom Christians had contact with in Sicily and Spain, had translated Greek writing into Arabic. Christians then translated them into Latin. |
| Thomas Aquinas- | Thomas Aquinas-Summa Theological was a summary of all knowledge he wrote. Worked on, as a scholastic philosopher, with reconciling Aristotle & other things with the Christian faith. Believed that religion not need be in conflict with logic. Thought all things below God were in descending order. |
| Religious fervor lead to | Religious fervor lead to brutal attacks against non-Christians |
| By 1300, Europe had arisen. | By 1300, Europe had arisen. Had separate institutions of church and state, long distance trade, councils on laws, ect. |
| Latin Christendom | Latin Christendom was one of the first societies to move towards secularization |
| Black death lead to | Black death lead to social and political repercussions |
| Disorginatiation lead to poor | Disorginatiation lead to poor not being able to find jobs but in some instances higher wages because of scarcity of laborers. |
| Upper classes attempted to | Upper classes attempted to control wages and prices, but rebellions ensued. |
| The peasants then received more | The peasants then received more favorable terms and went back to work. Small peasant property owners began to spring up |
| Noblemen also hurt by the turbulence | Noblemen also hurt by the turbulence of the plague and attempted to hold order through taxation and control of currency. Instead, power became more and more of the parliament. |
| Hundred Years War took place in | Hundred Years War took place in France between France and England. France was internally divided at the time. Lead to patriotism in England and stronger power of parliament. |
| Papacy began to | Papacy began to become corrupt |
| Unam Sanctam | Unam Sanctam-Boniface VIII's declaration that the Roman church overpowered every human being |
| Babylonian Captivity | Babylonian Captivity-Arrest of Boniface VIII by French King Philip. The papacy lost much of its power. |
| The Great Schism (papacy) | The Great Schism (papacy)-After the Babylonian captivity, divided Cardinals, elected two popes. One lived in Rome, the other in Avignon, France. |
| Both papacies were incredibly | Both papacies were incredibly decadent and lead to a new class of international bankers. |
| However, people disturbed | However, people disturbed by their decadence |
| This uneasiness over who had | This uneasiness over who had the right spiritual answers lead to violence and religious hysteria. From the murder of Jews to self harm to ritual dancing. |
| Lollards and Hussites- | Lollards and Hussites-English were called Lollards when doubted the papacy, Hussites same idea but followers of John Huss |
| General council at Constance- | General council at Constance-Martin the V's council |
| Church positions were given for | Church positions were given for bribery, indulgences promoted by Boniface VIII, and church positions given to family members. All looked down upon. |
| Popes won out over | Popes won out over councilor movement |
| Renaissance was a rebirth because | Renaissance was a rebirth because it awakened to readopt the Greco-Roman customs |
| Outlook became more secular as | Outlook became more secular as material items offered by craftsmen became more readily available. |
| Italian towns were independent | Italian towns were independent city-states |
| Papacy was hectic, so didn't | Papacy was hectic, so didn't have much papal influence. |
| Oligarchy of merchants | Oligarchy of merchants was common |
| Florence was the chief city in Tuscany | Florence was the chief city in Tuscany and produced many talented individuals |
| Medici family were a powerful | Medici family were a powerful Florentine merchant family |
| The possibilities of humans to | The possibilities of humans to elevate themselves became more tantalizing than gloomy religious doctrine |
| Individualism grew important in | Individualism grew important in this atmosphere of human possibility. A great man dictated his own destiny. |
| A man who knew what he was | A man who knew what he was doing with his human powers was said to possess virtue. |
| Reality was something tangible. | Reality was something tangible. Function of arts to convey reality. |
| Greco-Roman architecture | Greco-Roman architecture made a come back |
| Nude statues became a | Nude statues became a respected art form |
| Art began to attempt to depict | Art began to attempt to depict more realistic situations |
| Literary movement is called | Literary movement is called humanism because of the elevated interest in human letters. |
| Writers began to see literature as | Writers began to see literature as their life's work. Their writing explored their lives, social problems, ect. |
| Many humanists wrote in | Many humanists wrote in Italian aw well as Latin. |
| European vernacular | European vernacular (common speech) began to modeled to be appropriate for writing |
| Petrarch | Petrarch-traveling man considered first Florentine to be man of letters. Explored political problems and figures of the time, criticizing scholasticism among other things. Also a poet, plays, epics, ect. |
| Humanists had | Humanists had critical outlook |
| Renaissance gave birth to the | Renaissance gave birth to the kind of schooling of separated pupils by level and promoting them upwards |
| Renaissance schools focused on | Renaissance schools focused on rhetoric and examination of social life |
| The "courtier"- | The "courtier"-Humanist and renaissance ideal of what a real man was like. An intellectual, well learned in many aspects. Neat, courteous. Castiglione came up with the idea. Also thought women should be present to have a sensitizing presence. |
| Bruni- | Bruni-historian of Florence, Humanist |
| Renaissance marriages were decided | Renaissance marriages were decided by families. Woman often out lived husband and forced to run household themselves. |
| Italian renaissance had little centralized | Italian renaissance had little centralized government. Papacy was in decline, dictators rose and fell, politics corrupt. |
| Machiavelli hoped for a day | Machiavelli hoped for a day where Italians would stand up for themselves. Was considered cynical since he thought governments would only act in self interest. |
| 1527 the venerable Italy was | 1527 the venerable Italy was sacked by Spanish and German mercenaries. Renaissance in Italy faded but remained elsewhere. |
| People outside of Italy were | People outside of Italy were less aware of a great breaking renaissance |
| German owns were thriving | German owns were thriving at this time. Their greatest contribution was to science. |
| There were Christian humanists | There were Christian humanists as well as Pagan humanists |
| Mysticism didn't challenge the church, | Mysticism didn't challenge the church, it coexisted |
| The Sisters and Brothers of Common Life | The Sisters and Brothers of Common Life-Took place in Germany, Netherlands. Attempted to teach and relieving the poor. Didn't take vows, free to leave when chose. |
| Erasmus was | Erasmus was Northern Humanist. |
| There are two history strains | There are two history strains, the Greco Roman and Judeo Christian |
| Greco Roman- | Greco Roman-Operated with humanism, what important is here on earth. "Know thyself." |
| Judeo Christian- | Judeo Christian-Emphasis put on the after life. |
| Judaism was different because | Judaism was different because of its monotheistic, existential God, like in Job story. |
| Judaism was humanist in that | Judaism was humanist in that the Torah is a history book. Greco Roman quality is then a basis for Judeo Christianity. |
| Socrates- | Socrates-Questioning |
| Plato- | Plato-Theory of forms |
| Aristotle | Aristotle-Observation |
| Biggest issue in Roman empire- | Biggest issue in Roman empire-the size. Laws couldn't be unified. Roman law, the laws to protect the state, became more important |
| "Natural law" | Natural law"-Monotheistic God's laws that are attributed to a higher moral power |
| Socratic irony | Socratic irony-the man who knows the most knows that he knows nothing. |
| Plutonic love | Plutonic love-soul mate, a higher notion of love than others. However, he doesn't see erotic love as necessarily bad. |
| St. Augustine Vs. Plutonic love | St. Augustine Vs. Plutonic love-St. Augustine's City of God adapts Plutonic love by applying judgments to it like other Christians |
| Eros | Eros-erotic love |
| Roman generals became too | Roman generals became too powerful since they had control over armies over widespread lands |
| Augustus was last great Roman emperor, refused to be deified | Augustus was last great Roman emperor, refused to be deified, was practical |
| Tiberius- | Tiberius-Roman leader around time of Jesus |
| Marcus Orelius | Marcus Orelius-ended Pax Romana |
| Perme vi va- | Perme vi va-Permit me to enter, from the Inferno |
| Terzarema- | Terzarema-the rhyme scheme in the Inferno |
| William of Occum- | William of Occum-head of Oxford, believed in inductive reasoning Aquinas looked to God while Occum was much more practical |
| Church threatened by Aristotle | Church threatened by Aristotle strain. Even though they were religious, Aristotle strain thought Plato strain was arrogant. How could you know everything. |
| Catholic Church supported strain | Catholic Church supported strain: Plato-Augustine-Thomas Aquinas (scholasticism)-Summa theological |
| Aristotle strain: | Aristotle strain: Aristotle-Byzantine/Arab/Moor-Inductive reasoning of William of Occum |
| Divine comedy was | Divine comedy was scholasticism |
| Divine comedy's rhyme scheme | Divine comedy's rhyme scheme emphasizes 3's because of holy trinity |
| Symbolic/poetic retribution- | Symbolic/poetic retribution-punishment fits the crime |
| Aquinas thought love on earth | Aquinas thought love on earth was doomed |
| Troubadours | Troubadours-traveling storytellers |
| Ulysses was an evil counselor | Ulysses was an evil counselor for bringing his ship to purgatory |
| Popes in order Innocent III, | Popes in order Innocent III, Sixtus IV, Innocent VIII, Leo X, Julius II, Gregory VII |
| Scholastism is not the opposite | Scholastism is not the opposite of humanism |
| Aquinas' proof that God exists | Aquinas' proof that God exists-What came before existence. Called first cause theory. |
| Pre scholastism- | Pre scholastism-scholastism-humanism |
| Gregory VIII and Innocent III made | Gregory VIII and Innocent III made incredibly powerful papacies |
| Feudalism- | Feudalism-government by large landowners. If you could defend the land, it was yours. |
| Central government is absent in | Central government is absent in Feudalism |
| Visigoths, Saxons, Francs | Visigoths, Saxons, Francs were particularly strong land owning groups |
| Closive establishes a rather | Closive establishes a rather unimpressive dynasty in France |
| 1732-Francs defend their land | 1732-Francs defend their land from Moors |
| Even by time Mohammad dies, Islam is | Even by time Mohammad dies, Islam is well spread |
| Buburs come up to Spain from Africa and | Buburs come up to Spain from Africa and spread Islam there |
| Tours is where Charles Martell | Tours is where Charles Martell stopped the moors spreading and pushed them back. This establishes a grand Franco dynasty |
| Pepper the short, Charles' son, | Pepper the short, Charles' son, continues to be successful |
| 800, Pepper's son, Charlemagne runs | 800, Pepper's son, Charlemagne runs France, Germany, Northern Italy |
| Charlegmane's son couldn't hold | Charlegmane's son couldn't hold it together. The Carliginean renaissance was from Charles to Charlemagne and feudalism surrounded it. |
| In 900, there were about | In 900, there were about 3000 states. |
| Lord vassal relationship | Lord vassal relationship-lord gives vassal land, vassal gives him his service and loyalty. This is a paying of homage. |
| Problem is, many lords are | Problem is, many lords are vassals to someone else. Lots of people created meaningless titles for themselves this way |
| Just like every lord is a vassal, | Just like every lord is a vassal, a vassal is the lord of the manor with serfs. Serfs give wealth for paternal relationships. |
| Lord has bailiff who does the | Lord has bailiff who does the reading and foremen who enforces the laws |
| There was no central authority | There was no central authority except the church |
| Church had | Church had courts, monasteries, parishes |
| Although lords want | Although lords want most power, submit to church because some order is beneficial |
| Monasteries became pretty | Monasteries became pretty corrupt but they did same the Greco-Roman books |
| Parish priest makes the peasants | Parish priest makes the peasants think their lives worth living. Partially literate. |
| Excommunication and the | Excommunication and the interdict were the two great powers the church had |
| The interdict involved removing | The interdict involved removing the priest, people would riot against lord |
| 900 Pope Gregory Vs. Roman | 900 Pope Gregory Vs. Roman Henry IV over lay investiture. Gregory feared Henry selling these jobs threatened his power and had him whipped |
| 1095 | 1095-Papacy army formed |
| 1054 | 1054-Great schisms over how powerful papacy is, Roman empire against their power |
| The first crusade was not the | The first crusade was not the first crusade |
| The first crusade was | The first crusade was the peasants crusade |
| 1095 Urban II, | 1095 Urban II, Byzantines were under threat of Muslims. The sultan ruled the Arab world at the time, ruling with an Alysid caliph |
| Right around 1064, | Right around 1064, the schism of Constantinople and Rome |
| Urban II was then contacted from the | Urban II was then contacted from the Byzantines to ask for support against Arabs. |
| 1095 Pope Urban II, goes to | 1095 Pope Urban II, goes to France to get crusaders from peasants, Thesse peasants get nowhere near Middle East. Confused, attack hungry |
| The act of raising these people | The act of raising these people caused nobles to realize the extent of papal power and gave pope great support |
| 1096 first crusade using nobles. | 1096 first crusade using nobles. Get knowledge and cultural from Middle East. Makes the world smaller. |
| Europeans left out because | Europeans left out because of their stupid feudal system |
| Crusades may have triggered the | Crusades may have triggered the renascence. Goods went from ME to Italy and Italy to the world. Caused feudal independence for Italy. |
| With trade comes merchants | With trade comes merchants, comes wealth, comes leisure, comes thought |
| Crusades were successful for | Crusades were successful for about the first 50 years then dwindled. Lost crusade 2, 3, and 4. |
| Crusades become something for | Crusades become something for brave nobles, a way of life |
| Crusade 4- | Crusade 4-Constantinople was sacked. Great disaster. Almost fell to Turks but a Mongol invasion stopped this |
| Italians pretty much kicked out of ME by | Italians pretty much kicked out of ME by 3rd crusade |
| By Innocent III, church didn't do | By Innocent III, church didn't do much to fund. People who left to crusade paid their own way. |
| Crusading corruption was great, | Crusading corruption was great, associated with church corruption |
| Church power declines after | Church power declines after Innocent III because more powerful kings and corruption |
| By 1300, jubilee, Pope | By 1300, jubilee, Pope Boniface is ransomed and fights the French king. Later, the pope was French since Cardinals were greatly influenced by French king Philip the Fair. New pope moved papacy to Avignon, France. Some felt papacy was kidnapped |
| 1338, war between France and | 1338, war between France and England (100 years war). England was first more successful due to weapons that were superior |
| 1448, the plague hits France | 1448, the plague hits France and Italy really hard |
| 1378, France has Avinion papacy | 1378, France has Avinion papacy while there was western schism because cardinals also elected Roman pope |
| 1404-Majority of cardinals pull | 1404-Majority of cardinals pull together to vote in new pope. However, both other popes alive. Now 3 popes all with followers. |
| 1415-Council of Constantine, | 1415-Council of Constantine, Martin V reaffirms we'll only have one pop. Huss had campaign in Prague that papacy was too decadent. The church agreed to have Huss come for free to come talk to the council. Then, Huss is captured, tried, and burned alive. Church unites and frightens. However, the church's success here goes onto decline |
| The plague had greater | The plague had greater effect on people's trust in Catholic church, greater even than the kidnapping and schisms |
| Medical art tried to | Medical art tried to represent the important thing in the picture first |
| "Per me si va nella citta dolente" | "Per me si va nella citta dolente" I am the city of woe |
| Beatrice sent | Beatrice sent Virgil to lead Dante |
| Celestine V was | Celestine V was the great denial |
| Francesca and Paolo are | Francesca and Paolo are being punished because they couldn't control their lust |
| Greeks! You were not mean to | Greeks! You were not mean to live like brutes but to press on toward manhood and recognition |
| Nulla Salus extra ecclesiam- | Nulla Salus extra ecclesiam-Outside the church there is no salvation |
| Lasciate ogni speranza, voi ch'entrat- | Lasciate ogni speranza, voi ch'entrat-Abondon all hope, ye that enter here |
| E pur si muove- | E pur si muove-and yet it moves. Galileo said this after being put to death. |
| Torquemada | Torquemada-Prominent leader of Spanish inquisition |
| Savonarola | Savonarola-Italian priest who burnt books, hostile towards renaissance and immoral art |
| Protested Borgia's and when | Protested Borgia's and when demanding a hat of blood after being offered to be a cardinal, he was executed. |
| Chaucer-Writer, demonstrated | Chaucer-Writer, demonstrated artistic possibilities of Italian vernacular with his Canterbury Tales. |
| Erasmus- | Erasmus-Attempted to change the church from within due to clerical abuses. Christian humanist. Scholar who prepared new editions in Latin and Greek new testaments |
| Cellini- | Cellini-Wrote autobiography about his murders. Was a goldsmith, painter, sculptor, musician, in the renaissance |
| Giordano Bruno | Giordano Bruno-Italian philosopher who was burned at the stake for his ideas on the infinity of the univese |
| Thomas More | Thomas More-Became Lord Chancellor, Rennasciance humanist and violent opponent of Martin Luther's reformation. Coined the term utopia. Patron saint of politicians |
| Anselm-Worked with Urban II to further the crusades | Anselm-Worked with Urban II to further the crusades |
| Abelard | Abelard-Had a love affair, French scholastic philosopher, important theologian |
| John Wycliffe | John Wycliffe-Followers were the Lollards |
| Gutenberg | Gutenberg-Invented mechanical printing press |
| Ninth circle of hell | Ninth circle of hell-traitors of kin, traitors to homeland or party, then traitors against benefactors |
| 2nd Circle of hell- | 2nd Circle of hell-the lustful |
| 8th circle of hell | 8th circle of hell-fraudulent counselors |
| Dark ages | Dark ages |
| Intellectual life had | Intellectual life had vanished |
| Incessant warfare, corruption, lawlessness... | ii. Incessant warfare, corruption, lawlessness, obsession with strange myths, and mindlessness |
| Europe troubled since Rome's | Europe troubled since Rome's fall in the fifth centrury for various reasons |
| Famines and plague | Famines and plague were present, little infastructure, Lost arts, ironmaking, bricklaying, few farm tool, homicides and kidnapping for a living common |
| People huddled together | eople huddled together, many unintelligable dialects |
| Converting pagans was easy, but little truly converted | Converting pagans was easy, but little truly converted. Little understood Christianity |
| Punisment for small crimes | unisment for small crimes often death |
| devout scorned reasoning | evout scorned reasoning, spared with eachother |
| The city of God by Saint Augustine - | xii. The city of God by Saint Augustine - challenged the idea that Rome was being punished for new faith, rather being punished for sins |
| Saint Augustine | int Augustine believed in two cities, city of man and city of God. Men would travel in between both but could and should spend their time in God's. believed in something women really liked, that we are "damned by a woman" and are to be "delivered by a woman" as in eve to the modanna |
| Church had issues with | Church had issues with Holy Roman emporers till 13th century |
| Pagan gods and holidays were | xvi. Pagan gods an dholidays were still celebrated throughout this Christian time |
| Barter economy | Barter economy meant only coinage was paid to lords |
| Dark ages bad time for clever, cerebal, great for handsome, healthy, strong | xviii. Dark ages bad time for clever, cerebal, great for handsome, healthy, strong. i. Nobelmen soon became a ruling class as time went on. |
| xix. Many of early kings were barbarian kings thought to be gods or descended from them | xix. Many of early kings were barbarian kings thought to be gods or descended from them. i. Sucessors were crowned by Christian preists |
| xx. Hereditary monarchy came about with medival times | xx. Hereditary monarchy came about with medival times. xxi. Cheiftans were chosen for merit often for life |
| xxii. Church was God's work therefore incapable of reform | xxii. Church was God's work therefore incapable of reform. xxiii. Medival peasants had lack of ego. i. Lack of identity, had lord's last name, no sense of time except by reasons |
| b. By 1500, shift from knights and lords lead to the leadership of absolute monarchs. | b. By 1500, shift from knights and lords lead to the leadership of absolute monarchs. i. Feelings of national identity came about. ii. Powerful spirit arrived with education, tales of church corruption, greek and roman culture remerged. iii. 1400 renassciance began. Artists came first, Floritines, especially Leonardo da Vinci. |
| a. Maggellan remaped the world | a. Maggellan remaped the world by landing in the Phillipines (perhaps accidently) and completing the encirclement of the earth. i. Men began challenging more seemingly unmovable ideas |
| b. Minorities suffered under | b. Minorities suffered under tyrants (Spanish inquisition) |
| c. Disease was more | c. Disease was more widespread |
| d. Intrigue, no fair trials, | d. Intrigue, no fair trials, noncomformity and weakness despised |
| e. Papacy was home to killers, | e. Papacy was home to killers, intrigue, blackmail, and selling pardons |
| f. Papacy was incredibly decadent | f. Papacy was incredibly decadent. g. Popularity poisoned Christ's pure vision |
| h. Girolamo Savanarola | h. Girolamo Savanarola was against sexual promsecutiy of the church and turned down pope's attempts to silence him, was hanged |
| i. Bishop was heart of medival communities | i. Bishop was heart of medival communities surrounded by walls and watchmen, punishments were given but no prisons, filthy areas, little air or light |
| j. Merchant class arose when | j. Merchant class arose when commerce came about between towns, greatly feared by clergy for takeover |
| k. Vast majority medival people lived | k. Vast majority medival people lived in villages of 100 people, not towns, isolated |
| l. Knights lived in | l. Knights lived in manor houses |
| m. Women claimed to be penetrated | m. Women claimed to be penetrated by incubus when husband was aware, direct accusations were rare |
| n. Food habits | n. Food habits i. Two meals a day, years of hunger occurred with cannibalism |
| o. Few people lived to be 30, were short | o. Few people lived to be 30, were short. p. Clothing designated status |
| q. Punishments for crimes from church | q. Punishments for crimes from church included exile and journeys |
| r. Science, magic, religion | r. Science, magic, religion mixed freely |
| s. Traveling was treacherous, | s. Traveling was treacherous, inns were too, highwaymen violent, travelers stuck together |
| t. Females could marry | t. Females could marry at 12, boys at 14 |
| u. Marriages often announced | u. Marriages often announced when pregnancy would show, not scandalous |
| v. Engaged people slept together | v. Engaged people slept together freely and pregnant girls most often could marry |
| w. Nobel rarely faithful since no marriage for love, lots of lovers. | w. Nobel rarely faithful since no marriage for love, lots of lovers. i. Francis I of France bed many woman as king. |
| x. Borgias were incestual, murderous pope family | x. Borgias were incestual, murderous pope family. y. Art was everywhere, music, cathedrals, popped up. |
| z. Copernicus suggested | z. Copernicus suggested the sun was center of universe |
| aa. Leonardo Divinci questioned | aa. Leonardo Divinci questioned everything and eventually was tortured and excommnitcaed, studied anatomy |
| bb. Until late 15th century, all | bb. Until late 15th century, all education and books controlled by church in mostly illiterate society |
| cc. Local language prevailed | cc. Local language prevailed over latin and literacy spread with great desire with new inventions of paper and ink. Tried to stop it but it failed |
| dd. Medieval education | dd. Medieval education. i. Popular education was unambitious, pupils helped eachother, apprentices were fewer, higher education was another world. |
| ee. 16th century classics were | ee. 16th century classics were translated and Machiavelli came into place |
| ff. Higher education dominated by animism | ff. Higher education dominated by animism (souls to all living things) and scholasticism (sought to put Christian theology in everything. i. Higher education full of strange rules. |
| gg. Those interested in true learning | gg. Those interested in true learning became self taught - along came humanists |
| hh. Humanists discussed both learning and civilization | hh. Humanists discussed both learning and civilization. ii. Humanists were greatly honored as if nobility. |
| jj. Most humanists in the beginning were Christian and held loyalty to rome. | kk. Skepticism and sacrilege came with time with humanists |
| ll. Humanism was great threat to the church for | Great logic. Less occupied with after life. |
| agape | spiritual love |
| Boccaico | wrote stories about the plague. They were about humanisit interest in psychology. Stories make fun of priests. Humanist and about people. |
| Medici | Family of bankers and textile merchants. Very important Italian family. |
| Svorzas | City state family that ran Italy |
| Erasmus | wrote satirical pieces that were for church reform |
| Petrarch | wrote sexual love poems |
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