microbiology test 4
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Created by:
daniellesox on April 15, 2012
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161 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 radiation preservation | uses ionizing radiation; may affect taste |
| aseptic packaging | sterile food packaging |
| thermophilic anaerobic spoilage | canned foods incubated at a high temperature. can develop spoilage from organisms surviving |
| commercial sterilization | similar to autoclave. designed to destroy spores of botulinim |
| soy sauce | soybeans incubated w/ aspergillis to produce sugars |
| bread | s. cerevisiae. CO2 produced during fermentation causes bread to rise |
| vinegar | oxidation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria |
| production of alcoholic beverages | wine: fermentation of naturally occuring sugars beer: starches in grain broken to simple sugars & fermentated by yeast |
| fermented meats | 1) starter cultures of lactobacillus 2) ground meat mixed w/ sugar & salt |
| pickled vegetables | fermentation. employs lactic acid from vegetables. lowers pH & discourages growth |
| yogurt production | 1) pasteurized milk incubated 2) products lactic acid |
| cheese production | 1) milk incubated w/ lactobacillus 2) whey is removed 3) curds are salted & processed 4) cheese is ripened |
| extrinsic factors affecting microbial growth | 1) storage temperature 2) atmosphere |
| intrinsic factors affected microbial growth | 1) water 2) pH 3) nutrient content 4) biological barriers 5) antimicrobial chemicals |
| xenobiotics | synthetic compounds that cannot be broken |
| bioremediation | use of microbacteria to get rid of pollutants |
| composting | natural decomposition of organic solid material |
| sanitary landfills | used for disposal of non-hazardous solid waste |
| municipal sewage treatment methods | 1) activated sludge 2) lagoon 3) trickling filter |
| coliforms | indicator of fecal contamination in water |
| biological oxygen demand (BOD) | measure of biologically degradeable organic matter in water |
| sewage | all household water from washing/toilet waste |
| carbon cycle | 1) carbon fixation 2) respiration/fermentation |
| carbon fixation | CO2 converted into organic form |
| respiration/fermentation | breakdown of organic material |
| nitrification | oxidation of ammonium to nitrate |
| denitrification | reduction of nitrate to nitrogen |
| nitrogen fixation | nitrogen reduced to form ammonia |
| ammonification | decomposition of organic nitrogen into ammonia |
| nitrogen cycle | 1) nitrogen fixation 2) ammonification 3) nitrification 4) denitrification |
| hydrothermal vents | water seeps into ocean floor is heated & released again full of nutrient to serve as food source for organisms |
| mycorrhizea | fungi growing w/ plant roots, increase surface of the plant |
| C horizon | contain lumps of rock |
| R horizon | bedrock |
| A horizon | topsoil. decomposed, usually dark brown |
| B horizon | mineral, subsoil, contains clay |
| bloom | rapid growth of phytoplankton due to change in water |
| zooplankton | microscopic heterotrophs which feed on phytoplankton |
| phytoplankton | free-floating, photosynthetic organisms. largely composed of algea. |
| thermocline | layer seperating epilimmon & hypolimnion |
| hypolimnion | oxygen poor; lower layer due to growth of heterotrophs |
| epolimnion | oxygen rich, upper layer. photoautotrophs |
| eutrophic waters | nutrient rich, autotrophs flourish |
| oligotrophic waters | nutrient poor, little autotrophic growth |
| detritus | partially decayed organic material |
| decomposers | digest producers & consumers, uses detritus as food source |
| consumers | heterotrophs, consume primary producers |
| primary producers | convert CO2 into organic material. serves as food source |
| niche | specific role of an organism within an ecosystem |
| ecosystem | ecological system with population of organism |
| ecology | study of relationship between organisms and the environment |
| mycobacterium | m.avium/ m.intracellulare. bacteria is phagocytized but not destroyed. characterized by fever & weight loss |
| pneumocystis pneumonia | p.carinii/jiroveci. fungal, spore inhalation |
| kaposis sarcoma | herpes virus 8. asymptomatic, 50% of HIV patient will develop this |
| AIDS treatment & prevention | inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase, fusion, entry, or a combination of all |
| epidemiology of AIDS | 1) sexual contact 2) blood/blood products 3) vertical transmission |
| pathogenesis of HIV | gp120 & gp41 |
| gp120 | mediates viral binding to CD4 |
| gp41 | mediates fusion of viral envelope, allowing entry |
| symptoms of HIV | early symptoms resemble flu-like, latent. latency ends & immune system is weakened & AIDS develop |
| HIV | retrovirus. enveloped, contains reverse transcriptase, ssRNA, spikes |
| schistosomiasis | schistoma. spread in human feces enter water supplies. requires a snail intermediate host |
| malaria | 1) P. vivax 2) P. falicparum 3) P. malariae 4) P. ovale. characterized by paroxysms |
| chagas | american trypanosomiasis. protozoa. animal reservoir & spread to human by feces |
| toxoplasmosis | toxoplasma gondii. cat is host. cysts are ingested by animals, then humans. causes stillbirth |
| yellow fever | viral. spread by mosquito. bite goes into blood stream and then to liver |
| mononucleosis | epstein-barr virus. fever, sore throat. infects B cells |
| 3 types of typhus | 1) epidemic typhus 2) endemic typhus 3) tickborne typhus |
| Epidemic typhus | rickettsia prowazekii. spread by lice |
| endemic typhus | rickettsia typhi. spread by rat flea |
| tickborne typhus | rocky mountain spotted fever |
| 3 clinical manifestations of plague | bitten: enlarged lymph nodes, die w/i 1 week inhaled droplets: cough, bloody sputum, die 1-3 days bloodstream: release of endotoxin, hemorrhage into skin |
| plague | yersinia pestis. "black plague" fleas are vector to humans |
| undulant fever | "brucellosis" brucella. recurring fever, associated with animals |
| anthrax | bacillus anthracis. produce spores, at risk when handling hides. can be localized or pulmonary. |
| tularemia | francisella tularensis. "rabbit fever" animal bite/scratch causes ulcer |
| rheumatic fever | s. pyogenes. follows strep throat, joint pain/rash, may lead to carditis |
| puerperal sepsis | s.pyogenes. childbirth fever, nosocomial infection of uterus |
| necrosis | death of tissue from ischemia |
| ischemia | interruption of blood flow resulting from a wound |
| venules | return blood to vein |
| capillaries | small vessels, gas exchange |
| arterioles | deliver blood to capillaries |
| gonorrhea | neisseria gonorrhea. discharge in females & males. can lead to ectopic pregnancy & PID |
| NGU (nongococcal urethritis) | discharge & dysuria. infectious form becomes non-infectious form, divides and causes reaction |
| syphilis | treponema pallidum. 3 clinical stages |
| trichinosis | 1) pig ingests trichinella 2) humans ingest undercooked pork 3) cysts develop & produce larvae 4) larvae forms cysts in tissue |
| hookworms | necator americanis. feeds on blood/tissue. may cause pica |
| pinworms | enterobius vermicularis. 1) adult migrates out & causes itching 2) contaminate fingernails 3) eggs ingested & mature |
| hydatid disease | echinicoccus granulosus. 1) dog ingests meat 2) cysts develop 3) humans infected by dog feces 4) eggs migrate in body and develop |
| tapeworms | t. saginata, t. solium 1) eggs excreted 2) eggs ingested by cattle and hatches 3) consumption of undercooked meat 4) larvae develop in adults |
| amoebic dysentery | entamoeba histolytica. bloody feces |
| giardiasis | g. lamblia (protozoa). ingestion of cysts leads to infection. lakes and ponds |
| hepatitis C | mild symptoms. transmitted by exposure to blood. no vaccine |
| hepatitis B | transmitted by contact w/ body fluids. leads to cirrhosis or liver failure |
| hepatitis A | fecal-oral route. jaundice and clay-colored feces. vaccination |
| Cytomegalovirus inclusion disease (CMV) | human herpes virus 5. nuclear swelling, infected for life. sexually, transfused blood |
| mumps | infection of parotid glands via droplet transmission |
| yersinia gastroenteritis | y. entercolitica, y. pseudotuberculosis. transmitted in meat/milk. severe abdominal pain associated with appendicitis |
| campylobacteriosis | e. jejuni. leading cause of bacterial diarrhea in US. uncooked poultry |
| travelers diarrhea | e. coli gastritis. shiga-toxin producing results from lysogeny & cause a/e lesions |
| cholera | vibrio cholera. large infectious dose. cholera toxin causes cell to secrete electrolytes. characterized by rice stools |
| shigellosis | bacillary dysentery, s. dysenteriae. small infectious dose. bacteria replicate and destroy mucosa |
| typhoid fever | salmonella typhi. spread in human feces. bacteria multiply & spread to blood. |
| salmonellosis | s. enterica. food products contaminated with animal feces. weak ID50. killed by stomach acid |
| staph food poisoning | intoxication. super antigen triggers vomitting reflex |
| virulence factors for helicobacter | 1) urease 2) motility 3) CaGa 4) VacA |
| helicobacter pylori gastritis | inflammation of stomach. leads to ulcers & cancer |
| intoxication | ingestion of microbial toxin |
| infection | pathogen enters GI tract and multiplies |
| gingivitis | infection of gums |
| periodontal disease | inflammation & degeneration of structures supporting teeth |
| dental caries | tooth decay, plaque leading to deterioration of enamel |
| dental plaque | biofilm formation containing various speices of bacteria |
| 2 phases of leptospirosis | first phase: 1) flu like symptoms 2) red eyes second phase: 1) recurrence of symptoms 2) vomitting and rash |
| leptospirosis | transmitted through mucous membranes by animal urine |
| pyelonephritis | inflammation of kidneys |
| pyuria | accumulation of leukocytes in the urine |
| dysuria | pain during urination |
| cystitis | inflammation of urinary bladder, mostly cause by e.coli. includes dysuria & pyuria |
| kuru | smearing of brain tissue on body |
| sheep scrapie | animal scrapes against fence until skin is raw. loss of motor control then death |
| african sleeping sickness | t. bruccei rhodesiense (acute) t. bruccie gambiense (chronic) transmitted by tsetse flies |
| cryptococcus | c. neoformans (unhealthy people) c. gattii (healthy people) transmitted through inhalation. very thick capsule |
| rabies | zoonotic illness. fever, nausea, tingling sensation |
| poliomyelitis | poliovirus. 3 t ypes. transmitted orally. muscle spasms and weaken bone. vaccine |
| leprosy | mycobacterium leprae. tuberculoid & lepromatous. transmitted via direct contact |
| botulism | intoxication of a-b toxin. clostridium botulinum. dizziness and blurred vision & paralysis of voluntary muscles |
| tetanus | clostridium tetani. potent neurotoxin. muscle spasms |
| listeria | l. monocytogenes. associated w/ lunchmeats, outcome is meningitis |
| pneumococcal meningitis | streptococus pneumoniae. damage leads to inflammation. mortality and brain damage |
| hemophilus meningitis | HIB vaccine reduced rate in children. encapsulated strains cause it |
| meningococcal meningitis | neisseria meningitis, airborne transmission. symptoms include petechia. |
| common symptoms of meningitis | fever, stiff neck, nausea/vomitting, convulsions & coma |
| encephalitis | if brain is infected by meningitis |
| blood brain barrier | tightly packed cells, impermeable |
| meninges | 3 layer covering of brain & spinal cord |
| neurons | individual nerve cell |
| trichomoniasis | t. vaginalis. protozoan. itching & smelly discharge |
| genital warts | human papilloma virus, growth on genitalia. can cause cervical virus |
| herpes 2 | burning/itching, blisters. infectious for life. |
| chancroid | haemophilus ducreyi. painful genital sores |
| neurosyphilis syphilus | various mental & psychological disorders |
| cardiovascular syphilus | aneurisms resulting from chronic inflammation |
| gummatous syphillis | development of lesions called gumma |
| urease | converts urea to ammonia |
| CagA | may be related to cancer development |
| VacA | increase urea production by muscosal cells |
| lipooligosacharide | activates complement leading to inflammation that causes symptoms of gonorrhea |
| primary stage of syphilis | cancer at site of infection on genitalia, painless |
| secondary stage of syphilis | rash on palms and soles of feet several weeks after primary stage |
| tertiary stage of syphilis | gummatous, cardiovascular, neurosyphilis |
| tuberculoid leprosy | cell mediated immunity develops & macrophages limit spread |
| lepromatous leprosy | disseminated infection, cooler parts of body affected first |
| sabin vaccine | attenuated vaccine |
| salk vaccine | inactivated |
| pathogenesis of rabies | virus enters sensory neuron to travel to spinal cord and brain |
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease | fatal within 1 year. presents with behavorial/personality changes, lack of muscle control, dementia |
| lymph | "recycled plasma" |
| virulence factors of the plague | evasion of phagocytosis & impairing complement |
| lifecycle of malaria | sporozoites injected into blood stream, infect liver and enter rbc, produce merozoites, rbc ruptures and cycle repeats |
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