Psychology Module 31
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21 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cognition | mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| Concepts | mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
| Category Hierarchies | Concepts into categories. Ex. Animals --> Domestic or Wild |
| Prototypes | we form mental images or typical examples. Ex. When thinking of a bird, more likely to think of a common bird like a robin then a penguin. |
| Algorithms | Methodological step-by-step procedure ends in a solution |
| Heuristics | simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently "rule of thumb" - less time consuming than algorithms, but have more problems - make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at a solution to problems |
| Insight | a sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem Ex. "Ah-Ha mome |
| Belief Perseverance | the tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. |
| Exaggerated Fear | The opposite of having overconfidence is having an _______ _______ about what may happen. |
| Staying off of planes since 9/11, even though more people die in car crashes than planes. | Example of Exaggerated Fear |
| Confirmation bias --We make decisions according to what we already believe | How do our preexisting beliefs influence our decision making? |
| Overconfidence | a tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. |
| Representative Heuristic | Judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, a particular prototype |
| Availability Heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability. |
| Example of Representative Heuristic | He's a nerd, he can't possibly kick my ass |
| Example of Availability Heuristic | What we see a lot of in our mind we presume is common |
| Confirmation Bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms a personal bias |
| Fixation | inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. |
| Functional fixedness | our tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchanging Ex. If matchsticks make 4 triangles, then the 4 matchstick triangles make a 3D triangle. |
| Representative Heuristic | a cognitive bias in which an individual categorizes a situation based on a pattern of previous experiences or beliefs about the scenario. It can be useful when trying to make a quick decision but it can also be limiting because it leads to close-mindedness such as in stereotypes. |
| Availability Heuristic | refers to how easily something that you've seen or heard can be accessed in your memory. |
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